假眼小绿叶蝉卵及卵寄生蜂缨小蜂形态观察和寄生率考评

20世纪50年代以来假眼小绿叶蝉成为我国大陆茶园首要害虫,近年在浙苏皖茶区发现叶蝉三棒缨小蜂Stethynium empoascae Subba Rao和微小裂骨缨小蜂Schizophragma parvula Ogloblin 寄生叶蝉卵.拍摄并描述叶蝉卵及其孵化前的形态,以及2种缨小蜂蛹、雌雄隐成蜂和雌雄成蜂形态特征.秋季于叶蝉虫口高峰期调查龙井茶原产地10个典型茶园环境中叶蝉卵的寄生率,尽管丰产类型的茶园叶蝉密度较高,但9月份的寄生率达50%～75%,其他叶蝉密度较低的茶园中寄生率也为16%～48%;10月份,这10块茶园的卵寄生率又有增加;叶蝉三棒缨小蜂为优势种.还发现这2种缨小蜂种群对叶蝉种群呈现跟随效应.认为这2种缨小蜂是叶蝉种群重要的自然控制因子.     

小贯小绿叶蝉成虫触角感器及网粒体的超微形态

为研究小贯小绿叶蝉[Empoasca(Matsumurasca)onukii Matsuda]成虫触角及刺体的结构,采用电镜扫描技术观察为害河南信阳茶树的重要害虫-小贯小绿叶蝉成虫触角感器及网粒体的超微形态。结果表明:小贯小绿叶蝉成虫触角柄节未见感器分布,梗节上有2~3根毛形感器和1~2根锥形感器;鞭节分为7个亚节,在第1、2、4亚节上分别有1个锥形感器,第3亚节上有1个毛形感器,小贯小绿叶蝉成虫触角感器类型及数量在雌雄个体间无明显差异。雌、雄性成虫触角表面都有网粒体存在,均为小球形网粒体。     

茶小绿叶蝉在福建省茶树品种上的选择机制初探

从品种抗虫性的角度出发,利用电子鼻等手段,通过对福建省7个主栽茶树品种上茶小绿叶蝉的田间虫口密度、茶树品种植物学形态特征和芽叶挥发物差异的调查,初步明确茶小绿叶蝉在不同茶树品种上的选择机制。结果表明,肉桂上茶小绿叶蝉的虫口密度最大,铁观音上的虫口密度相对较小。福云6号、福鼎大白茶和肉桂新梢颜色为黄绿色,黄棪呈浅绿,毛蟹和本山均为深绿色,铁观音新梢呈紫绿色。7个品种健康芽叶挥发物的总体特征不同,可分为3类:铁观音、福云6号、毛蟹和福鼎大白茶差别较小,聚为一类;肉桂和本山距离较近,聚为一类;黄棪健康芽叶挥发物与其他2类存在较大的差异。茶小绿叶蝉危害后各品种挥发物总体特征发生变化,除肉桂和毛蟹虫害诱导挥发物总体特征相近,其他品种虫害诱导挥发物差异明显。可见,肉桂和铁观音可以作为深入研究茶树抗叶蝉机制的材料;茶小绿叶蝉偏向于选择黄绿色芽叶的茶树品种,而对偏紫色芽叶的茶树品种选择性较弱;健康芽叶挥发物及虫害诱导挥发物的差异可能也是影响叶蝉选择寄主的一个重要因素。     

Damage assessment of the leafhopper complex [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Asymmetrasca decedens</Emphasis> (Paoli) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Empoasca decipiens</Emphasis> Paoli] (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in cotton

The leafhoppers [Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) and Empoasca decipiens Paoli] have only recently become significant pests of cotton in Turkey. Action threshold level (ATL) of this pest complex is uncertain. The effect of leafhoppers on fruit set and development and yields of glabrous varieties, Caroline Queen, Çukurova 1518 and SG 125 was compared under sprayed (at the ATL of ten leafhoppers per leaf) or unsprayed conditions in 2002–2003. Comparisons of sprayed and unsprayed cotton showed that leafhoppers significantly reduced numbers of fruit and yield. Total losses of the fruiting parts (square plus boll) were similar, ranging from 35 to 55% as well as cotton losses varied from 35 to 50%. Numbers of sucking insects (cotton aphid, whitefly and thrips) and also lepidopterian pests (pink bollworm and bollworm) were very low in both years, and they did not affect cotton development. The current regional ATL for the cotton leafhoppers appears to be too high, and it appears that even five leafhoppers per leaf may be sufficient to significantly reduce yields. It is concluded that ATL of the cotton leafhoppers needs to be re-evaluated in cotton fields in Turkey and also other geographic regions which share similar ecological conditions and same leafhopper species.     

间作茶园假眼小绿叶蝉种群动态与绿色防控技术研究

为了明确苏州地区间作茶园假眼小绿叶蝉种群动态与绿色防控技术,笔者于2015—2016年对苏州市东山镇洞庭碧螺春茶区不同间作茶园中假眼小绿叶蝉种群动态进行了系统调查和绿色防控技术研究。结果表明:纯茶园中种群数量大于间作茶园,且间作茶园中种群数量较纯茶园稳定。假眼小绿叶蝉在6月下旬和9中旬呈发生高峰期,利用物理、农业防治方法,如防虫网覆盖、黄板诱杀和茶树采后不修剪,可有效防治假眼小绿叶蝉。植物源农药0.3%苦参碱水剂药后3天的防效达76.11%。间作茶园可降低假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量从而减少茶园危害,并且在其发生高峰期进行绿色防控可以有效降低假眼小绿叶蝉危害,同时可减少农药使用次数2次,利用不同间作茶园构建绿色防控体系是实现茶叶绿色生产一项有效措施。     

Integrated pest management in a cotton-growing area in the Southern Rift Valley region of Ethiopia: development and application of a supplementary food spray product to manage pests and beneficial insects

Cotton crop Ethiopia is a high-value crop and the strategy for pest control is insecticide-dependent with no consideration of beneficial insects. We carried out a study in 2013 and 2014 to determine the effectiveness of a food spray product developed with local ingredients from Benin (BFP), a food spray product developed from Ethiopian ingredients (EFP), and mixtures of the individual food spray products with and without neem extracts. Applications of BFP and of EFP alone attracted and retained beneficial insects and significantly reduced the number of pests, and increased cotton yields and profitability. The net margins of 18,418 and 18,642 Ethiopian birr (ETB)/ha were achieved from the plots treated with BFP and EFP, respectively, and 13,000 ETB (US$1 = 19 ETB) was achieved from the unsprayed plots. Addition of neem extract to the food spray products decreased the number of beneficial insects attracted to the food spray plots. In conclusion, food sprays can be used as part of integrated pest management (IPM) for managing cotton pests and can result in significant increases in crop yields and profitability.     

茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的防控技术研究进展

假眼小绿叶蝉（Empoasca vitis G?the）是我国茶园的重要害虫之一,由于其个体小,隐蔽性强,繁殖迅速,世代重叠严重,已成为当今茶园防控的首要害虫。本文阐述了假眼小绿叶蝉的形态特征、为害方式和发生特点,并对近年来假眼小绿叶蝉的主要防治方法进行了归纳总结。因此,如何从无公害、绿色防控角度出发,安全、高效的控制假眼小绿叶蝉虫口数量,减少茶叶产量损失,已成为当前茶园虫害防控的热点问题。为茶树虫害的绿色综合防控提供参考依据是本文的目的所在。     

茶假眼小绿叶蝉抗联苯菊酯品系和敏感品系解毒酶活性及增效作用研究

为了明确茶假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis)对联苯菊酯代谢抗性相关的解毒酶,本研究采用室内生物测定和生化分析方法,比较了假眼小绿叶蝉抗联苯菊酯品系和敏感品系的3种解毒酶活性差异,并分析了3种增效剂对联苯菊酯的增效作用。解毒酶活性测定表明,茶假眼小绿叶蝉抗联苯菊酯品系羧酸酯酶(Car E)、细胞色素P450氧化酶O-脱甲基(PNOD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)比活力都高于敏感品系,3种解毒酶活性分别为敏感品系的2.09倍、4.34倍和1.59倍。增效剂磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、增效醚(PBO)和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)在茶假眼小绿叶蝉敏感品系中的增效比分别为1.04、1.09、1.00,而在联苯菊酯抗性品系中的增效比分别为1.80、7.97、1.03。上述结果证明,羧酸酯酶和细胞色素P450氧化酶活性的增强在茶假眼小绿叶蝉对联苯菊酯的抗性产生中起到了重要的作用。