为害樟子松的两种小卷蛾科新害虫

在内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟红花尔基樟子松林的调查中,发现两种为害樟子松的国内新记录小卷蛾科害虫:红松实小卷蛾(Petrova reshella(L.));樟子松顶小卷蛾[Blastesthia turionella(Zett.)]文中对这两种小卷蛾的为害状,成虫和幼虫的形态特征进行了描述。     

引入阔叶树种枯落叶对陕北风沙区针叶林土壤极化的防治效应

【目的】研究不同针、阔叶树种的种间关系,为通过针、阔混交或枯落叶客置来防治人工针叶纯林土壤的极化提供科学依据。【方法】在位于陕北黄土高原北部半干旱风沙区的靖边县,选择覆盖度达到90%～100%的22年生油松和25年生樟子松纯林,建立20 m×20 m的标准地,以5样方(1 m×1 m)混合采样法采集0～10 cm土层腐殖质土壤和附近不同针、阔叶树种的当年枯落叶后,进行室内混合培养试验。【结果】油松纯林会导致土壤养分含量、部分酶活性降低及真菌、放线菌数量明显减少的负向极化发展趋势,樟子松纯林会导致土壤部分酶(脲酶、蔗糖酶)活性降低和细菌数量明显减少的负向极化发展趋势。引入阔叶树种枯落叶防治油松纯林土壤极化的优先顺序为:引入白榆、沙棘和旱柳最好,其次为紫穗槐,而小叶杨、刺槐和柠条则均不适宜引入;引入阔叶树种枯落叶防治樟子松纯林土壤极化的优先顺序为:引入沙棘最好,其次为柠条,引入小叶杨和白榆效果不明显,而刺槐、紫穗槐和旱柳则均不适宜引入。【结论】不同阔叶树种枯落叶对针叶林地土壤性质的影响效应有明显差异;筛选出了防治陕北风沙区针叶林土壤极化的阔叶树种。     

The threat of wild habitat to scab resistant apple cultivars

Evaluations of plant resistance to pathogens are rarely made using isolates from wild habitats, although the heterogeneity of such habitats may generate pathogen diversity which could be a source of new virulence in cultivated habitats. The aim of this study was to investigate whether scab resistance factors, identified and characterized in apples using isolates of Venturia inaequalis from a cultivated habitat, remained effective against isolates from a wild habitat. Three V. inaequalis core collections originating from the cultivated apple Malus × domestica and from two wild species, M. sieversii and M. sylvestris, were established to maximize pathogen diversity. For each core collection, 10 isolates were inoculated in mixtures onto 51 genotypes from an apple progeny segregating for two qualitative resistance genes and six quantitative resistance loci (QRL). On each apple genotype, isolates that contributed to the scab symptoms were identified within the mixture using microsatellite markers. The most frequently detected isolates were inoculated singly to compare their aggressiveness according to their host origin. The results showed that isolates from a wild habitat were able to infect the susceptible apple genotypes. However, these isolates were never more aggressive than isolates from the cultivated habitat on the resistance factors tested. It can therefore be concluded that the resistance factors used in this study, identified with V. inaequalis isolates from a cultivated habitat, remained effective against isolates from M. sylvestris and M. sieversii.     

Effects of fungal inocula on the decomposition of lignin and structural polysaccharides in Pinus sylvestris litter

 Litter bags containing sterile Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles (19.8% lignin, 26.5% cellulose and 0.34% N) were inoculated with two species of fungi in the laboratory and then placed in the litter layer of a pine plantation. Marasmius androsaceus, which can degrade lignocellulose, was initially displaced by other fungal colonisers and was not detected in the litter after 2–3 months; but was re-isolated from the needles after 12 months. Trichoderma viride, which is a cellulolytic species and also antagonistic to other fungi, dominated the litter throughout the experiment. The control litter was naturally colonised by litter fungi. After 12 months, mass losses were similar at 52% for M. androsaceus and 48% for T. viride, compared with 36% for the control litter colonised by a more complex fungal community. Lignin concentrations increased with time in control litter and with T. viride because mass losses of carbohydrates were greater than those of lignin. Litter inoculated with M. androsaceus showed significant lignin decomposition throughout the experiment but cellulose concentrations showed a proportional increase in the first 6 months, suggesting that the fungus was preferentially exploiting hemicellulose and non-structural carbohydrates. Analysis of TFA-extractable sugars (mainly from hemicellulose) and CuO-derived phenylpropanoid moieties from lignin confirmed the differential patterns of resource decomposition which were not evident from total mass losses. During the initial stages of decomposition, T. viride was as effective in utilising structural polysaccharides as the complex fungal community in the control litter. Furthermore, M. androsaceus not only exhibited unexpectedly low cellulolytic activity but also facilitated lignin depolymerisation after the fungus was no longer detectable in the litter. The pre-inoculation of litter with these two fungal species therefore affected the overall dynamics of decomposition at a biochemical level. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the effects and interactions of specific fungi, rather than assumptions about the functional competence of diverse communities, on the processes of litter decomposition. Received: 5 July 2000     

樟子松种子小蜂成虫对寄主植物代谢物质的行为反应

以樟子松种子小蜂成虫(Eurytoma sp.)为材料,观察了小蜂成虫的交尾习性及其寿命与补充营养的关系。利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了雌雄成虫对叔丁胺、4-羟基-2-丁酮、1,2-二氯乙烷、异辛烷、1,3,5-环庚三烯5种标准化合物的行为反应。结果表明:在5种挥发物3个体积分数(0.02%、0.02%和2.00%)中,雌成虫选择率最高的为叔丁胺(选择率达66.67%),其次为1,3,5-环庚三烯;而雄成虫选择率最高的为1,3,5-环庚三烯(选择率达63.33%),其次为叔丁胺和1,2-二氯乙烷。雌雄成虫对5种挥发物质的触角电位(EAG)反应结果表明:雌成虫均对2%的叔丁胺的EAG反应最强(反应值为0.186 4),而雄成虫对2%的1,2-二氯乙烷的EAG反应最强(反应值为0.292 2)。雌成虫对1,2-二氯乙烷的反应呈随体积分数增加而增强的趋势,雄成虫对1,2-二氯乙烷和1,3,5-环庚三烯的反应也表现为随体积分数的增加而增强。     

解剖构造对人工林樟子松单板染色效果的影响

以人工林樟子松为研究对象,通过测定樟子松单板解剖构造与染色效果的相关指标,对其进行多元回归分析,确定了影响木材染色效果的主要解剖因子。结果表明,解剖因子与其各染色效果指标间的复相关系数在0.573～0.786。影响樟子松木材染色效果的主要解剖因子为管胞比量、木射线比量、树脂道比量和晚材管胞长度等。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤物理性质的时空变异规律

以毛乌素沙地榆林沙区樟子松人工林土壤为研究对象,分析不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤质量含水量、土壤体积质量、孔隙度时空变异规律。结果表明,土壤质量含水量在流沙地为丘间地>迎风坡>背风坡>丘顶,在樟子松人工林为丘间地>背风坡>迎风坡>丘顶,并随土层深度增加而增加,0～5cm土层质量含水量樟子松人工林高于流沙地,5～25cm和25～50cm土层低于流沙地。土壤体积质量在流沙地为丘顶>迎风坡>背风坡>丘间地,在樟子松人工林为丘顶>中部(迎风坡、背风坡)>丘间地,随土层深度增加而增加,且樟子松人工林对应各层土壤体积质量均小于流沙地。毛管孔隙度均为丘间地>中部(迎风坡、背风坡)>丘顶,土壤孔隙度(总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度)随土层深度增加而降低,樟子松人工林对应各层土壤孔隙度均大于流沙地。随樟子松林龄增加,质量含水量和孔隙度分别增加1.32%～21.82%、2.88%～12.00%,土壤体积质量降低1.16%～7.12%。统计分析表明,所测指标总体上存在显著差异。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

对毛乌素沙地榆林沙区不同林龄樟子松人工固沙林地土壤微生物及酶活性进行测定和分析。结果表明,不同林龄樟子松林地土壤微生物和酶活性表现出差异。与流沙地相比,林地土壤微生物数量显著增加,土壤酶活性显著增强。随林龄增加土壤微生物数量呈上升趋势,6年生到20年生阶段增幅最大;土壤酶活性总体上不断加强。土壤微生物数量和酶活性随土层深度增加而下降,且在林龄和土层深度两个方向上达到显著性差异水平。在流沙地上栽植樟子松人工林后,土壤生物学特性不断改善,土壤肥力水平提高。     

利用曲姬蜂生物防治樟子松种实害虫

对樟子松种实害虫及天敌曲姬蜂调查研究表明,球果象甲被害率在20%～40%左右,虫口密度为每果2～6头不等,棘梢斑螟有虫株率为26%,球果被害率为12%,虫口密度为每果1～2头不等,曲姬蜂的寄生率平均为25.4%,利用曲姬蜂生物防治樟子松种实害虫效果非常显著。     

Effect of edge stands on the development of young Pinus sylvestris stands in southern Finland

Abstract

The quantitative effect of pine-dominated edge stands in southern Finland on the density and growth of pine saplings was addressed in the study. The cumulative effect of a mature edge stand on the development of a pine sapling stand with variable cutblock sizes was also estimated. The data were acquired from 10 study sites with a Scots pine sapling stand with a current dominant height of 1–6 m and an adjoining middle-aged to mature edge stand dominated by Scots pine. Tree level models were constructed to describe and simulate the structure and development of the sapling stands. The results indicated that dividing an average regeneration area (2 ha) into smaller cutblock units (1.0–0.5 ha) appreciably increased the edge stand effect. Total stand volume growth was 6% lower on 1 ha cutblocks, and 31% lower on 0.5 ha blocks, than on 2 ha blocks.