园林树木抑菌有效范围的初步研究

采用撞击平皿法,用肉膏蛋白胨琼脂培养基,测定了红皮云杉、圆柏、新疆杨等13种园林树木抑菌作用的有效距离。结果表明:不同园林树木抑菌有效距离存在差异,其中油松的抑菌有效距离最大,大约为5.5 m;接骨木、白榆、新疆杨、红皮云杉、圆柏、火炬树、板栗的抑菌有效距离为3.5 m左右;山楂、金银忍冬、山杏、五角枫、青海云杉的有效距离在2 m左右。     

Fuel consumption as indicator of the economics in mechanization

After a brief discussion of production functions as models for input/output relations in forest work operations, studies of the cost of machine use are reviewed. It is suggested that the fuel consumption of a forest machine can be used as a parameter for assessing the true, total cost of using a machine, exclusively the wage of the operator. Fuel then is not only an input but also represents all other cost items such as capital (depreciation, interest), repairs and maintenance. This has the advantage that all machines in a system can be aggregated and their costs assessed by an easily quantified parameter. Capital (in the form of machines) in production functions, through which the optimum mix of labour and machines for minimizing the cost per unit of production is determined, can be substituted by fuel. It is also suggested that fuel consumption can be used in management as an aggregate indicator in planning, control, remuneration of work and forecasting.     

Basic handling characteristics of wood fuels: Angle of repose,friction against surfaces and tendency to bridge for different assortments

Basic handling characteristics were measured for sawdust, fuel pellets, fuel chips, hog fuel and chunkwood. The aim was to find relations between the basic handling characteristics and easily measurable fuel properties to facilitate the design of feeding systems in heating plants. The angle of repose was 25–55° and increased with the increasing ratio of particle length to thickness and with the increasing content of hooked or long particles. The angle of static friction, 10–40°, was affected more by the kind of surface than the fuel and followed the ascending order: coated plywood, urethane rubber, particle board, stainless steel, concrete and rubber belt conveyor. The tendency to bridge varied considerably and increased with greater content of hooked or long particles, a deeper fuel bed depth over the opening and a higher moisture content. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the particle shape.     

喷孔几何特征对孔内流动及近孔区域燃油雾化的影响

采用混合多相流模型与空穴模型相结合的方法,对喷孔内部流动特性及近孔区域燃油喷射及雾化进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,喷孔几何特征对其内部流动特性及近孔区域燃油喷射及雾化具有重要影响,对于截面渐扩的喷孔,孔内空化效应、湍流度均增强,喷孔出口流速提高,喷油压力增大时效果更显著,空穴强度增大能够促进近孔区域燃油快速分裂,使燃油液滴雾化更细小,有利于柴油机油气混合以及性能的提高。对于截面渐缩的喷孔,孔内空化效应受到抑制、湍流度和喷孔出口流速均降低,喷孔出口液柱较长、液块较大,近孔区域燃油雾化程度降低。     

柴油喷雾燃烧火焰内部碳烟采集与分析

为研究碳烟颗粒在柴油喷雾火焰内部的演变规律,在可视化定容弹喷雾燃烧系统中增加一种基于热泳原理的碳烟颗粒采集装置,获得了喷雾燃烧火焰内部的碳烟颗粒样本,并在高倍透射电镜下获得样本中不同尺度的碳烟形态图像。根据图像中碳烟宏观和微观形态结构特征分析了碳烟生成、聚合等演变历程。通过自行开发的图像处理程序,分析得到碳烟颗粒尺寸参数随喷射距离的变化特征。研究表明,该方法实现柴油机缸内高温高压特征环境下碳烟颗粒的采集与高倍电镜分析技术的有机结合,有效获取柴油喷雾火焰内部碳烟颗粒微观信息,为减少柴油机碳烟排放提供了重要研究手段和基础研究信息。     

对辊柱塞式成型机设计与试验

基于生物质固化成型领域活塞冲压式成型机能耗低、生产率低和模辊式成型机生产率高、能耗高的特点,提出一种新型对辊式成型方式,并设计和制造了样机。该成型机压辊圆周上均布了一系列柱塞,运行过程中压辊柱塞与环模模孔相互啮合,避免了成型孔之外的物料受到压辊的挤压与摩擦。为测试该成型机的性能,进行了正交试验研究,结果表明,该成型机的较优成型参数为:含水率15%,成型模具长径比5.25,主轴转速47.25 r/min。以木屑为原料,在较优成型参数的条件下进行了成型机性能指标的测试,结果表明,该成型机生产的成型颗粒直径为10 mm,成型颗粒密度为1.15 g/cm3,机械耐久性为96.28%,生产率为75 kg/h,能耗为56 k W·h/t,成型率为95%,工作噪声为79 d B,各项指标均达到设计要求,实现了连续稳定生产。     

Study of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Application

A technique of fabrication of air electrode for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is proposed. The investigated air electrode is free of Teflon- containing and with ultra- thin catalyst layer. Catalysts PtRu/C for methanol electroxidation is electrochemically deposited on a Nafion- bonded carbon electrode. A concept, that is, methanol is oxidized at a relatively high potential, is proposed. Such a fabricated DMFC is characterized with a high utilization of noble metals and basically eliminating CO poisoning in operation.     

解放CA10B型汽车功能模型的探讨

本文通过对黑龙江省双丰林业局提供的6台解放CA10B型汽车的使用数据的处理和分析.得出该汽车的单车年周转量及耗油率这两个主要生产参数的影响因素及功能方程.并进一步探讨了该模型对运输企业及木材生产单位的规划、管理、指挥等方面的重要意义.     

氢能作为内燃机燃料的研究

该文论述了氢发动机运转中所存在的问题，提出了氢发动机的燃烧改进方案。研究表明，采用高压喷射、火花点火，并优化调整喷射正时和点火正时，就可控制异常燃烧，获得良好的性能     

固定道保护性耕作节能效果试验研究

固定道保护性耕作限制了机具对土壤的普遍性压实，提高了拖拉机牵引性能，降低了能耗。在北京郊区青云店镇试验区，设置固定道及非固定道保护性耕作对照区。通过播种机开沟器阻力正交试验及牵引阻力测试试验，研究固定道保护性耕作对播种、深松作业的牵引力及油耗的影响。试验表明：在0．05的置信水平下，对比作业速度、深度租土壤坚实度因素，土壤坚实度因素因田间分布均匀性较低，对开沟阻力波动影响最为显著；非固定道保护性耕作因轮胎压实，破坏了表层土壤均匀性，造成作业负荷变动大，加剧燃油消耗；相对于非固定道保护性耕作，按华北小麦-玉米一年两熟地区两年一深松模式估算，固定道保护性耕作仅播种、深松两项作业一年每公顷节省15．7L柴油；固定道保护性耕作因减少了压实面积，从而可以提高拖拉机田间作业的牵引性能，减小机具的作业阻力，降低燃油消耗，达到减少压实、节约能耗的作用。