Fuel consumption as indicator of the economics in mechanization

After a brief discussion of production functions as models for input/output relations in forest work operations, studies of the cost of machine use are reviewed. It is suggested that the fuel consumption of a forest machine can be used as a parameter for assessing the true, total cost of using a machine, exclusively the wage of the operator. Fuel then is not only an input but also represents all other cost items such as capital (depreciation, interest), repairs and maintenance. This has the advantage that all machines in a system can be aggregated and their costs assessed by an easily quantified parameter. Capital (in the form of machines) in production functions, through which the optimum mix of labour and machines for minimizing the cost per unit of production is determined, can be substituted by fuel. It is also suggested that fuel consumption can be used in management as an aggregate indicator in planning, control, remuneration of work and forecasting.     

Basic handling characteristics of wood fuels: Angle of repose,friction against surfaces and tendency to bridge for different assortments

Basic handling characteristics were measured for sawdust, fuel pellets, fuel chips, hog fuel and chunkwood. The aim was to find relations between the basic handling characteristics and easily measurable fuel properties to facilitate the design of feeding systems in heating plants. The angle of repose was 25–55° and increased with the increasing ratio of particle length to thickness and with the increasing content of hooked or long particles. The angle of static friction, 10–40°, was affected more by the kind of surface than the fuel and followed the ascending order: coated plywood, urethane rubber, particle board, stainless steel, concrete and rubber belt conveyor. The tendency to bridge varied considerably and increased with greater content of hooked or long particles, a deeper fuel bed depth over the opening and a higher moisture content. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the particle shape.     

供热发展的未来展望

本文分析了燃煤集中供热的优缺点,并对未来城市供热的发展趋势提出了一些独特看法。     

辽东地区森林可被燃物载量的调查研究

森林地被可燃物是引起森林火灾的重要原因，掌握森林地被可燃物的载量分布，对森林火灾的预防有着十分重要的意义。通过对辽东地区不同森林类型的调查，搞清楚了一些常见的主要林型地被可燃物平均载量情况，同时对油松人工砘林、落叶松人工纯林和天然阔叶杂木林3个具有代表性的林型，按不同林分密度、林龄、坡向和坡位等因素，进行地被可燃物载量分布状况调查，结果表明，辽东中、北部地区载量大于辽东南部地区；林分密度和林龄愈大，则载量愈高；南坡载量大于北坡，北坡最小；坡位愈高，则载量愈小。     

南方8种森林地表死可燃物在平地无风时的燃烧蔓延速率与预测模型

【目的】研究Rothermel林火蔓延速率预测模型及另外2种以Rothermel模型为核心的蔓延速率预测模型对南方8种典型森林地表死可燃物的适用性,为林火蔓延速率预测提供理论支撑和指导。【方法】以南方地区8种典型速率地表死可燃物为对象,根据研究对象的野外实际条件,在东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场风洞实验室内,构建不同可燃物床层含水率、载量及高度的可燃物床层,每种可燃物在平地无风条件下进行36次点烧试验,共288次点烧,记录每种可燃物类型不同配比条件下的蔓延速率。通过直接使用Rothermel模型、重新估计Rothermel模型参数、对Rothermel模型形式改进后自建模型的对比,得到最合适的预测模型。【结果】 1)平地无风条件下,南方8种典型森林地表死可燃物床层最大蔓延速率为0.55 m ·min -1 ,平均蔓延速率由大到小依次为:华山松、云南松、毛竹、柳杉、杉木、马尾松、麻栎及青冈栎。2)直接使用Rothermel模型预测的林火蔓延速率误差较大,平均绝对误差为0.18 m ·min -1 ,平均相对误差为70.0%。3)重新估计参数后的Rothermel模型及自建模型,预测的可燃物蔓延速率精度显著提高,平均绝对误差分别为0.04、0.037 m ·min -1 ,平均相对误差分别<18%、16.45%。4)重新估计参数的Rothermel模型与自建模型的预测误差的差异不显著,其中自建模型的预测值与实测值的 R 2 变化在0.71~0.90,平均为0.80。【结论】对南方8种典型森林的地表死可燃物类型,在平地无风条件下,重新估计参数的Rothermel模型及自建模型的预测精度相近,但自建模型可能更简单易用,可预测平地无风条件下可燃物地表火蔓延速率。     

二冲程醇类混合燃料发动机点火提前角调节系统的研究

通过分析点火提前角对发动机性能的影响,得出使用醇类混合燃料的二冲程发动机需要改进点火系统的结论。将现阶段汽车工业在点火系统上采用的微机控制点火技术加以改进后移植到二冲程发动机上,在原点火系统中加装点火控制单元ECU并将其改造成电控点火系统。改进后的点火系统可对点火提前角进行标定,对发动机在不同转速和工况下的点火提前角进行实时调节,找到发动机在该转速和工况下的理想点火提前角。改进后的二冲程汽油机可进一步改善发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放性能。     

Seasonal and interannual ecophysiological responses of beech (Fagus sylvatica) at its south-eastern distribution limit in Europe

Due to its wide European distribution and its drought-susceptibility, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) received intensive attention recently in the light of global warming. Contrary to central European beech ecosystems, little is known about the ecophysiology of beech at its south-eastern European distribution limit. Here we tested whether climatic fluctuations during a three-year period affected the ecophysiology of a beech site in Greece. Attention was paid at comparing our findings to the intense effects the 2003 extreme drought had on beech forests in central Europe.     

一种快速测定云南松和华山松林下细小可燃物负荷量的方法

在野外测定云南松和华山松纯林细小可燃物层平均厚度和负荷量的基础上,建立了细小可燃物层的平均厚度与负荷量的关系模型。经验证,云南松和华山松林下细小可燃物负荷量模型的平均误差分别为8.11%和10.43%。根据细小可燃物层的平均厚度推算可燃物负荷量的方法具有数据容易采集、操作简便的优点,适用于凋落物层被人为破坏的林分和灭火指挥员急需数据的紧急情况下进行可燃物负荷量的推算。     

辽东桤木林抗火机理的研究

辽东桤木（ＡｌｎｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉａＳａｒｇ．）又名色赤杨,属桦木科（Ｂｅｔｕｌａｃｅａｅ）赤杨属（Ａｌｎｕｓ）植物。该树种为１５～２０ｍ高的乔木,分布于东北３省和山东省境内,生长于海拔２００～１５００ｍ山地林中。具有耐瘠薄、萌蘖更新快等特点。其材...     

THE ESTIMATE OF THE EFFECTIVE FUEL COMBUSTION VALUE OF FOREST COMMUNITY IN THE DAXINGAN MOUNTAIN

FoRESTFUELCoMBUSTIoNVALUECombustionvalueisanimportantparameterofmaterialburningcharacteri-stics.Itmeansthattheheatreleasesfromtheunitofmaterialcompleteburningtocooldownthestartingtemperatureofreactionmaterals(l).Undertheconditionofthesamepressureandenoughoxygeninthecombustor,materialscombustionva1ueisrelatedtotheinnerenergyofthematerialstatefromthebeginningtotheendduringreaction.Thecombustionvaluesuchasmeta1,carbon,hydrogencanbemeasuredaccurate1y.Toforestfuels,theirenergycan'tbethesam…