果蔬边界收缩方程的探讨

采用实验研究的方法,获得了小块果蔬体积收缩率与它的含水率变化之间的关系,并将这一关系应用于果蔬内部每一质点,推导建立了球形果蔬边界的收缩方程,为进一步通过数值模拟来研究干燥过程中果蔬的形状变化提供参考     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤低吸力段持水能力及蒸发特性的影响

利用张力计测定蒸发过程中低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,对比研究了秸秆在经过粉碎、氨化及与无机土壤改良剂混合三种措施处理后对土壤饱和含水量、低吸力段土壤持水及供水能力和早期干旱过程中土壤脱水速度的影响。结果显示:粉碎秸秆施入土壤后提高了土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力,而长秸秆对土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力的影响较小;粉碎并氨化的秸秆对土壤饱和含水量、持水及供水能力的提高作用更为显著。粉碎秸秆及长秸秆处理均易造成早期干旱过程中脱水速度过快,氨化后或当秸秆与无机土壤改良剂混合施入土壤时,土壤低吸力段脱水速度明显减慢,利于土壤有效水的保存。该结果为提出新的能最大效率发挥秸秆改良土壤作用的秸秆还田方式提供了一定的理论基础。     

Selection for pod retention and pod indehiscence in lentils

Summary The genetic variation for seed yield losses and the response to selection for reduction of such losses was studied by a six-week delay in the timing of harvest in various segregating populations from four lentil crosses. The bulk segregating populations had previously been subjected to different numbers of selection by means of a delayed harvest. The loss in seed yield from a delayed harvest in the two seasons 1981/82 and 1982/83 accounted for 551 and 105 kg/ha seed, representing 34 and 11% of the yield from a correctly timed harvest respectively. Pod drop accounted for 65% of this loss, whereas dehiscence gave 35% of the loss in both seasons. The parents of cross 4 differed significantly for pod dehiscence, with genotype 74TA 550 showing relative indehiscence. Selection by means of a delayed harvest of bulk populations decreased pod dehiscence, mean seed weight and bulk mean yield.     

Some Notes on the Variational Principles of Mechanics and Their Applications

This paper discusses the limitations of extension of classical Hamiltonian Principle to continuous systems, then reviews the new developments of operational theory in functional analysis and variational principles in non equilibrium thermodynamics based on field variation. Complementary dual variational principles including adjoined variational methods and generalized Green function method are bases of finite element analysis and boundary element analysis as well. From the point of view of physics, variational principles of macroscopic non equilibrium thermodynamic can be applied to all continuous mechanical systems. However, they have some limitations in application scope and remain to be developed.     

动边界同心环状缝隙流研究

为完善同心环状缝隙流理论,采用理论分析与模型试验相结合的方法,分析了圆柱体从静止到起动再到运行过程中同心环状缝隙流速的分布特点。得出圆柱体的速度、缝隙宽度以及流量对环状缝隙流的分布和大小的影响。环状缝隙流速随缝隙宽度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,缝隙宽度约在2 cm附近时,缝隙流速最大;流量越大,环状缝隙流速就越大;圆柱体的速度越大,缝隙流速也越大;环状缝隙流速在与管内水流速度和圆柱体速度相交之前最大,相交之后最小。同时建立了动边界条件下的同心环状缝隙流数学模型,计算结果与试验基本一致,最大相对误差不超过8.5%,说明该数学模型可行。     

The Feasible Control for the Day-operation of the Three-Gorge Cascade Hydropower Station

The feasible control problem is presented for the day-operation of the Three-Gorge Caseade Hydropower Station. The significance of the problem is explained. Basic propetties ofthe problem and the approaches to study it are discussed. Two methfods are given for solving theproblem. which are calculus of variation and linear programming. In the former. the Euler equationwith time-lag and the generalised two-point boundary conditions are obtained and the correspondingpractical implication is interpreted. In the latter. the rationality for the discrete model is exptainedand the computalional details are given for the implement software. some questions which should bepaid much attentfon and the corresponding propeels are prasented based on the numerical results andtheoretical analysis     

耕地保护对生态系统水源涵养功能的影响——以武汉市为例

耕地保护是我国粮食安全的根本保障。然而,在快速城市化背景下,耕地保护导致生态用地加速流失造成对生态系统服务功能的影响往往被忽略。以武汉市为例,采用模型模拟的方法,利用基于元胞自动机的土地利用变化模型——LANDSCAPE模型设定严格、适度耕地保护情景,进而基于InVEST模型定量评估耕地保护对生态系统水源涵养功能的影响,为科学认识耕地保护政策的实施对生态系统服务功能的影响提供新的视角。结果表明:（1）严格、适度耕地保护情景下武汉市2020年生态系统水源涵养功能存在显著差异。相较于适度耕地保护情景,严格耕地保护情景下,位于武汉市东北地区的低水源涵养区分布范围明显增多,高水源涵养区分布明显较少;（2）在水源涵养总量方面,严格耕地保护情景下的水源涵养总量为4.33×10⁸ m³,适度耕地保护情景下的水源涵养量为4.58×10⁸ m³,两者差异显著。（3）严格、适度耕地保护情景中草地、林地、水体等生态用地的水源涵养总量分别为1.06×10⁸ m³,1.27×10⁸ m³。其中林地水源涵养量最高,水体、草地次之。     

Na+ and Cl−: Leaf extrusion,retranslocation and root efflux in diplachne fusca (kallar grass) grown in NaCl

Abstract

Groups of “Kallar”; grass plants were subjected to various treatments of 100 mM NaCl simultaneously labelled with ²²Na⁺ and ³⁶Cl^?. On the basis of the specific activity, the distribution of Na and Cl^? in the tissue was followed during and after treatment, i.e. after transfer of some groups to an identical but inactive solution. Sequential collections of leaf washes showed that both Na and Cl^? were extruded at a somewhat constant rate. Leaf sheaths accumulated more Na⁺ and Cl^? than the leaf blades and the amounts of Na⁺ and Cl^? in the leaf sheaths as a percentage of their total plant content (i.e. 28% and 31%) approximated the amounts of Na and Cl^? extruded by the leaves (i.e. 23%). Moreover, almost equivalent amounts of Na⁺ (21%) and Cl^? (29%) were removed by root efflux which continued even several days after transfer of the plants to the inactive, saline solution. Part of the Na⁺ and Cl^? was retranslocated from the tops to the roots and was attributed to phloem export.

Tolerance of Kallar grass to NaCl was thus related to preventing the tissue from accumulating high concentration by extrusion of both Na⁺ and Cl^? by the leaves and their efflux by the roots in addition to an equivalent retention in the leaf sheaths.     

山地河岸林土壤对硝态氮和铵态氮的截留及影响因素

用人工槽模拟的方法研究文峪河上游三类典型河岸林土壤对硝态氮和铵态氮的截留及影响因素。结果表明,青杨-辽东栎混合林、云杉林和落叶松林河岸带土壤对有效氮的截留量分别为158.38,145.38,142.98 mg/kg。有效氮的截留主要发生在0-10 cm土层。NH+4-N和NO-3-N比例在1.68~1.80之间,土壤截留的有效氮比较稳定。河岸林土壤对有效氮的截留与土壤结构密切相关,与土壤含水量和容重显著负相关。丰富的有机质和全氮促进了有效氮的产生和滞留。土壤酸碱度在截留过程中影响有效氮的截留比,而对有效氮的最终截留量影响较小。     

Field estimates of scalar advection across a canopy edge

Measurements of the horizontal and vertical fluxes of energy and mass were taken at a crop canopy edge and downwind of it to examine the effects of inhomogeneity on surface-atmosphere exchange, for the ideal case of flat uniform terrain. Energy balance closure was also examined and the effects of the often-neglected advection terms on the energy budget were evaluated. The results show that neither vertical nor horizontal advection should be neglected for moderate distances downwind from heterogeneous boundaries, with the energy budget closure near the leading edge improved by more than 20% with the inclusion of the horizontal and vertical advection of latent and sensible heat. Significant mean advective horizontal and vertical flux divergences of water vapor and temperature were found even in typical daytime conditions. In stable conditions horizontal advection can be responsible for more than 15% of the scalar (water vapor) transport 136 canopy heights downwind of a change in water vapor source density and surface roughness.