Truffle abundance and mycophagy by northern flying squirrels in eastern Washington forests

Although much is known about truffle abundance and rodent mycophagy in mesic Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest, few data are available for dry interior montane forests dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and grand fir (Abies grandis). Our objective was to quantify the relationship between the abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarps in the soil and in the diets of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in low-elevation forests of the eastern Washington Cascades. We randomly sampled four stands each of three cover types: dry open ponderosa pine, mesic young mixed-conifer forest, and mesic mature mixed-conifer forest. We sampled the soil for hypogeous sporocarps during the spring of 1999 and 2000. We collected fecal pellets from 318 flying squirrels live-trapped during the fall of 1997–2000. We sampled 2400 m² of soil surface and found truffles in 40% of 600 plots. Total biomass collected was 609 g. Spring truffle biomass on a kg/ha basis averaged 1.72 in open pine, 3.56 in young, and 4.11 in mature forest. Twenty-two species were collected across all cover types, with all but three species belonging to the Basidiomycotina. Eleven dominant species accounted for 91–94% of truffle biomass in each cover type. Four dominant species accounted for 60–70% of spring truffle biomass: Gautieria monticola, Hysterangium coriaceum, Rhizopogon parksii, and R. vinicolor. Truffle assemblages, richness and total biomass differed among cover types: richness and biomass were highest in young and mature mixed-conifer forest, and lowest in open ponderosa pine forest. Fall squirrel diets were composed of 23 genera or groups of fungi, plus about 22% plant material. Rhizopogon was the most abundant genus in the diet, followed by plant material, then Gautieria, Leucogaster, Alpova, and Hysterangium. Diets in different cover types were similar in the composition, richness, evenness, and the ratio of fungus to plant material. Diet richness varied over the study period. Nineteen truffle genera were detected in fall fecal samples versus 12 in spring soil samples. Management of low-elevation dry forest to maintain or restore stable fire regimes might reduce truffle diversity at stand scales by simplifying stand composition and structure; but, such management might increase long-term beta and landscape truffle diversity and persistence by reducing the occurrence of high-intensity fires and stabilizing inherent fire disturbance regimes.     

丛枝菌根对大青杨苗木生长的影响

利用5种丛枝菌根真菌,在不同肥态、肥力水平下对大青杨实生苗进行接种。结果表明:5种真菌都与大青杨形成了菌根,在不施肥情况下Glomusintraradices、G mosseae、G versiforme3个菌种的苗木在苗高、地径、总干生物量上都与对照表现出差异极显著,与菌根侵染率呈正相关。丛枝菌根能增加苗木对难溶性P肥的吸收和利用,特别是G sinuosa与施过磷酸钙(Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O)在有效成分(P2O5)含量0 06g·kg-1土水平下的组合对苗木有良好的促生效果,生物量积累是对照处理的3 58倍;使用G mosseae或G intraradices与施可溶性P肥磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4),在有效成分(P2O5)含量0 03g·kg-1土水平下的组合时对苗木的促生效果达到最佳,但随着可溶性P浓度增加,丛枝菌根对苗木生物量的积累却有抑制作用;丛枝菌根同样促进苗木对硝态N和铵态N的吸收、利用,G ver -)含量0 08g·kg-1土水平下和G mosseae、siforme、G intraradices与施硝酸钾(KNO3)在有效成分(NO3 )含量0 08g·kg-1土水平下,对苗木都有良G intraradices与施硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)在有效成分(NH4好的促生效果,总干生物量是对照处理的2 91、2 56和2 70、2 40倍;试验结果同时也表明,根际营养状况是决定菌根侵染率的重要因素之一。     

盐胁迫对醉马草和高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用质量分数分别为0.1％、0.3％、0.5％、0.7％和0.9％的盐溶液处理带内生真菌醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、不带内生真菌醉马草、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种'侠客岛'(Island)和'猎狗6号'(Hound 6)种子,测定发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、苗高、胚根长等指标,并建立相关函数方程确定4份种质材料对NaCl的耐受值,探讨单盐NaCl对4份种质材料种子萌发和幼苗生长的特性,明确种子萌发阶段及幼苗生长阶段对单盐NaCl胁迫的耐受程度并进行综合耐盐性评价.结果表明,与对照组相比,高羊茅品种'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高、胚根长随着盐浓度的升高而降低,根冠比则与之相反.轻度盐胁迫(0.1％和0.3％)对于两种醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长等有促进作用(P<0.05).种子萌发阶段的带菌醉马草、不带菌醉马草、'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的耐盐适宜浓度分别为0.70％、0.60％、0.37％和0.49％;耐盐半致死浓度分别为0.98％、0.72％、0.46％和0.61％;耐盐极限浓度分别为1.02％、0.91％、0.61％和0.87％.幼苗阶段的带菌醉马草、不带菌醉马草、'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的耐盐阈值分别为1.23％、1.01％、0.44％和1.09％.综合耐盐性为带菌醉马草>高羊茅'猎狗6号'>不带菌醉马草>高羊茅'侠客岛'.     

菌根菌生长的营养条件和生理特性研究

通过分析３种菌根菌彩色豆马勃（Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ）、厚环乳牛肝菌（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｇｒｅｖｉｌｌｅｉ）、血红铆钉菇（Ｇｏｍｐｈｉｄｉｕｓｖｉｓｃｉｄｕｓ）的５个菌株的生长营养条件，确定了合成培养基中适合于４个菌株生长前期、后期的最佳营养条件。最佳营养条件下的菌丝体生长率和菌丝体干重都比其它条件下大大提高。试验还得出了５个菌株产气、产酸、好氧性及产色素等生理学特性，为接种菌上山造林后的栽培管理提供参考。     

毛白杨内生真菌的分离与拮抗菌的筛选

采自保定市不同地点不同部位的毛白杨的新鲜组织,利用常规的内生真菌分离方法,以PDA培养基为分离培养基,从毛白杨根、茎、叶中分离得到14株内生真菌。以杨树腐烂病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、梨黑斑病菌、黑根霉、毛霉、灰霉为供试病原菌种,对14个菌株进行了杀菌活性筛选,发现G01、G02、ZD103等3个菌株对不同的供试病原菌有不同的抗菌活性。对3个菌株采用经典的真菌鉴定方法判断G02与ZD103为Trichodermasp.木霉属,而G01菌株由于其不产孢故不能用上述方法鉴定,暂定为未知属。     

Natural Resistance of Two Plantation Woods Populus × canadensis cv. and Cunninghamia lanceolata to Decay Fungi and Termites

Natural durability of two plantation woods, Chinese fir and I-214 poplar, was investigated thoroughly by three test- ing methods, namely an accelerated laboratory decay test, a fungus cellar test and a field test. After the decay test using Postia pla- centa and Trametes versicolor, Chinese fir and the I-214 poplar showed 34% and 69% of mass loss, respectively, indicating they should be classified as slightly durable and non-durable wood. This conclusion was confirmed by the fungus cellar test and the field test. Like the performance in the decay test, I-214 poplar showed no resistance to termites either in the laboratory or in the field, whereas Chinese fir would be classified as moderately resistant.     

木腐菌木质素分解酶活力的初步研究

本文对８种木腐菌，１３株菌株的木质素分解酶活力进行了初步研究，结果表明：１３株木腐菌菌株都具有程度不同的木质素分解酶活力，其中白腐菌的木质素分解酶活力高于褐腐菌，酶活力增长速度较快，高酶活力维持时间长。这些结果对于木材防腐研究及白腐菌综合利用的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

杨树重要病害生物防治初探

自然界各种微生物生活在一起,成为复杂的群落。它们相互促进、制约,构成生物体的生态平衡。在森林病害防治中,利用益菌控制病菌的生存和活动,达到生物防治的目的。为了寻求这一新途径,在1982—1984年,对4种杨树重要病害进行了生物防治探索,从筛选和防病上作了研究。     

云南省虫生真菌的应用前景及开发对策

在介绍虫生真菌防治害虫特点的基础上，进而论述了云南省应用虫生真菌防治森林虫害的现状和发展前景及其药剂产品的开发现状与存在问题，以此提出6项相应的开发对策。     

Iron-binding compounds produced by white-rot fungusPhanerochaete sordida YK-624

Iron-binding compounds were isolated from a culture ofPhanerochaete sordida YK-624 and were found to bind to Fe(III) preferentially compared with Fe(II). Two iron-binding compounds were purified to near-homogeneity with gel permeation chromatography. Hydrolysis of the iron-binding compounds with 6N hydrochloric acid gave ninhydrin-negative products. The molecular weight of these compounds was 3–5 kDa. These compounds may play an important role in the reduction of extracellular manganese dioxide to Mn(II) by intracellular ferrireductases for lignin degradation by manganese peroxidase.