氮磷钾不同施肥量对杨树菌根化苗生长的影响

通过实验对氮磷钾不同施肥量对杨树菌根化苗生长的影响方面进行了初探。     

艾纳香内生真菌抗细菌和炭疽菌的活性研究

为获得丰富的艾纳香内生真菌资源,筛选出抗性生防菌株,用于活性次生代谢产物的发现,通过水琼脂法对海南产艾纳香进行内生真菌分离,通过ITS序列分析,对其进行鉴定和分析。采用滤纸片法评价内生真菌发酵产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用平板对峙培养法评价艾纳香内生真菌对植物炭疽菌的拮抗作用。本研究共分离鉴定出191株内生真菌,分属于27属,45种,其中优势菌属为Diaporthe、Paraphoma、Ectophoma、Penicillium、Talaromyces、Hypoxylon、Phomopsis、Colletotrichum和Fusarium。抗细菌活性结果显示,Clonostachys、Fusarium和Diapothe属活性较强。抗炭疽病菌试验显示,Talaromyces、Ectophoma和Penicillium属活性较强。本研究初步探讨了海南产艾纳香内生真菌种类的多样性,并首次对其进行了抗病原菌活性筛查,获得的活性菌株可作为微生物源菌剂开发的重要材料。     

Identification and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight of rice in the southern United States

Surveys were conducted in the five southern rice-producing states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas in the United States during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight in rice. A total of 349 pathogenic fungal isolates were collected and identified as belonging to four genera: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Marasmius graminum based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis and Koch's postulates. R. solani (252 out of 349 pathogenic isolates) was the most prevalent fungus isolated from diseased samples. Of the 252 pathogenic R. solani isolates, 245 were further classified as anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) and 7 as AG-4. Isolates of R. solani AG-4 and M. graminum were the most aggressive, with the highest stand loss (63% to 100%) and median disease rating (DR; 5.0), followed by isolates of R. solani AG-11 (stand loss = 4% to 100% and DR = 0.6 to 5.0), Fusarium spp. (stand loss = 26% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 5.0) and S. rolfsii (stand loss = 33% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 3.0) in causing seedling blight in rice. R. solani (62% to 83% of total pathogenic isolates) and Fusarium spp. (10% to 24% of total pathogenic isolates) were predominant in all the five states surveyed. S. rolfsii and M. graminum were present only in Louisiana and Texas. The results of this first systematic survey of rice seedling diseases in the southern United States will help develop effective fungicide seed treatment strategies for control of stand loss caused by seedling blight, one of the major factors limiting rice production.     

Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

外源ACC通过激活乙烯合成及信号转导诱导小豆抗锈性

大量研究表明, 乙烯可激发植物对死体营养型真菌的抗性, 但我们前期研究发现, 乙烯合成前体ACC可提高小豆对活体营养型真菌——锈菌的抗性, 为初步明确其机制, 本研究分析了ACC处理对小豆乙烯合成及信号转导的影响, 结果表明, ACC处理显著提高了乙烯合成基因VaACS1及信号通路关键基因VaEIN2?VaEIN3?VaERF5的表达水平?此外, ACC处理后再接种锈菌, 小豆锈病的发病程度显著降低?对接种锈菌后不同时间VaPR2和VaPR4的表达分析表明, 相比ACC处理后不接种对照, ACC处理后再接种锈菌的处理, 接种后1~5 d这两个基因表达量显著升高; 与水处理不接种锈菌相比, 水处理接种锈菌5~8 d后VaPR2和VaPR4的表达量虽显著上调, 但应答时间较ACC处理滞后, 且总体表达水平低, 表明ACC激活乙烯通路进而诱导防卫反应基因上调表达是其诱导小豆抗锈性的关键?     

丛枝菌根真菌接种对白车轴草耐盐性的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可与植物共生形成复杂的菌丝网络,影响植物生长及抗逆能力。目前关于AMF对白车轴草耐盐性的影响尚存争议,本研究采用盆栽试验,研究在盐胁迫条件下(NaCl浓度为150 mmol·L^-1),接种AMF对拉丁诺白车轴草耐盐性的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,与对照相比,白车轴草的生长与生理指标均受到抑制。盐胁迫下接种AMF后,白车轴草株高、干重、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率和相对含水量均有增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量以及相对电导率有所降低,渗透调节物质均有提高,其中可溶性糖(SS)和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量分别提高了32.03%和9.42%。说明盐胁迫抑制白车轴草的生长,接种AMF增强了白车轴草抗逆适应能力,促进白车轴草的生长,增加渗透调节物质含量,提高白车轴草耐盐胁迫的能力。     

《菌谱》中管窥宋代食用菌饮食文化

我国宋代时期整体政治稳定、经济繁荣,人文发展得到空前提高,良好环境为我国饮食文化的繁荣奠定了基础。此时期的饮食文化中开始注重饮食营养的全面化,讲究食材烹饪的精细化。《菌谱》作为我国最早撰写的食用菌专著,是宋代对食用菌饮食的整理性文献。解读《菌谱》中食用菌的饮食文化,有助于通过结合食用菌饮食类别,研究宋代食用菌饮食文化的特征,这不仅可以了解当时人们的食用菌饮食习惯,更能折射出宋代食用菌文化的丰富。     

“一带一路”背景下河南食用菌出口贸易发展研究

十多年来我国食用菌产量快速增长,食用菌总产量占全球75%以上。2004—2018年,河南食用菌产量、出口量连续居全国第一。河南自然资源、生产成本的优势,以及相关政策和科研创新的推动,形成了河南食用菌出口贸易发展的有利因素;但由于规划缺位、研发力量薄弱、工厂化发展滞后,河南食用菌在国际市场上还存在品种单一、结构单一、市场过于集中的问题。为此,建议突出食用菌产业的战略地位,做好顶层设计,充分利用好“一带一路”的机遇和本省的资源优势,加强食用菌出口供应链管理,加大研发推广和产业升级力度,营造一流发展环境,提升食用菌国际市场品质,将河南食用菌供应链延伸到更多的国家和地区。     

韩国Ophiostomatoid真菌与棘胫小囊树皮甲虫的互作研究

棘胫小囊树皮甲虫(Coleopterla:Scolytidae)是一种与树木或新鲜木材兰染真菌相关的昆虫。本研究用不同种的松树制备的圆木诱捕、采集棘胫小囊树皮甲虫，并对其种类进行了比较。自4月至7月，从Pinus．rigida和Pinus．korniensis诱捕圆木上收集昆虫，共获得了10种树皮甲虫，其中Hylurgops interstitialis是P．koraiensi上最常见的甲虫，而Tomicus piniperda则在P．rigida上最常见。5月是H．interstitialis出现的高峰期，T.piniperda出现的高峰期是在4月。在6月上旬，新的成虫自蛹中孵化而出。为了研究树皮甲虫的种群与树木兰染真菌分离获得的频率的相关性，采用选择性培养基自成虫、卵／幼虫和树皮甲虫的虫道分离真菌。研究发现在越冬成虫和虫道上兰染真菌出现的频率分别是100％和94％，但在孵化的卵或刚孵出的幼虫上出现的频率相对较低。从兰染真菌分离出现的频率上看，收集的时间与树皮甲虫的种群没有显著的相关性。于4月20日可以首次观察到在虫道的下面出现变色现象，2周内，木材变色迅速增长，100％变色。对这些分离获得真菌进行鉴定，发现Leptographium spp出现频率高于Ophiostoma spp．。     

丛枝菌根真菌和糖醇螯合钙对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活及其关键基因表达的影响

以盆栽‘红颜’草莓为试材,研究了摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和糖醇螯合钙不同浓度（0.10%、0.15%、0.20%）处理对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活的变化,同时,初步探究了不同处理对草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1、FaβGal4的表达水平的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,以糖醇螯合钙单独施用（0.15%和0.20%）、接种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）配施糖醇螯合钙均能显著提高草莓果实硬度。同时,不同处理均抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性的上升,草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1和FaβGal4在处理后均下调表达。在接种AMF条件下,随着糖醇螯合钙浓度的增加,果实硬度逐渐增强,其中以接种AMF联合施用0.20%糖醇螯合钙溶液效果最好。