基于MODIS数据的中国草地生态体系价值估算研究

在传统的草原生态系统价值估算的基础上,利用遥感技术,以谢高地等人计算出来的各种草地类型单位面积价值量为经济参数,利用2003年MODIS数据估算的中国草原生态系统服务价值约折合US$311.48×108,并从草地类型和省区等角度分别进行区域分析,表明我国草原生态系统服务价值呈现出农牧交错带较高且逐渐向牧区递减的特征,说明牧区草原生态系统退化比较严重,草原生态功能保护意识需要进一步加强。     

西藏纳木错高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸主要温室气体通量对比研究

青藏高原高寒草地占我国天然草地的40%,研究其温室气体源汇强度及驱动因子具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在西藏纳木错地区开展高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸的生态系统呼吸、CH₄和N₂O通量观测,生长季内的观测表明：高寒草原和高寒草甸生态系统呼吸分别为（283.7±14.4） mg·m^-2·h^-1和（275.7±20.6） mg·m^-2·h^-1,低于有机质丰富的沼泽化草甸,为（591.6±53.2） mg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原和高寒草甸均是CH₄的汇,其生长季均值分别为（-84.9±7.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1和（-39.2±4.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1;而沼泽化草甸是CH₄的源其均值为（149.2±34.2） μg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸均为N₂O的源,生长季排放量分别为（7.3±2.8）,（3.0±1.1）和（2.2±4.3） μg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤水分总体控制着高寒草地CH₄通量的时空变化,在土壤水分含量约大于30%的沼泽化草甸表现为CH₄的排放源,而在土壤水分含量低于30%的高寒草原和草甸表现为CH₄的汇;生长季水分含量越高,对CH₄的吸收越弱。     

淹水土壤中镉活性变化及其制约机理

近年来,面对全球土壤Cd污染日益严重的现状,国内外许多专家和学者对土壤中Cd的迁移转化进行了大量的探索和研究。但是,由于土壤自身的复杂性以及影响因素的多样性和不确定性,有关淹水土壤中镉(Cd)活性变化及其制约机理的研究常常出现截然不同甚至相反的报道。铁锰氧化物、碳酸盐、固相有机质、硫化物、DOM、阴离子(主要是Cl-和SO42-)和阳离子(如Al3+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+等)等繁多的制约因素及其制约机理使得Cd的土壤化学理论复杂化,也给土壤Cd污染的控制和治理带来困难。本文从Cd在土-水界面发生迁移转化的化学过程(吸附与解吸、沉淀与溶解和配位与螯合)入手,总结并阐述了淹水土壤中Cd活性的变化及其制约机理,同时对该领域的研究进行了展望,试图为淹水土壤中Cd活性的深入研究和Cd污染土壤的修复与治理提供参考。     

A trait-based characterization of cover plants to assess their potential to provide a set of ecological services in banana cropping systems

Cover plants are one of the means to increase the functional biodiversity of fields and to enhance the ecological functions of the communities. However, the design of cropping systems including cover plants relies largely on expert knowledge. There is a lack of methods to select the best suited cover plants according to their role in the agrosystem. We propose to use functional traits to select cover plants suited to sustain ecological services in the banana agrosystems of the French West Indies. Our objectives were (i) to characterize a collection of cover plants on a trait basis, according to their potential to provide the services expected in a banana agrosystem and (ii) to discuss the potential use of this characterization for the design of innovative multi-species banana cropping systems. In these systems, four main services are targeted, i.e. controlling weeds, controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, improving soil fertility and particularly N availability, and avoiding competition with banana for resource acquisition. Three experiments were conducted, under field and controlled conditions, to evaluate the potential of a collection of 28 tropical cover plants to achieve the functions related to these services. For each cover plant, a functional profile was constructed from a combination of plant traits that are easy to assess experimentally. It described plants’ potential to achieve the functions expected in a banana agrosystem. Functional profiles required for cover plant usages were also identified. The comparison of the plant functional profiles and the functional profiles required for their usages enabled us to select the best suited plants for each usage. However, these functional profiles rarely corresponded, meaning that a cover plant is rarely sufficient to achieve all the functions required for a usage. Functional complementarities obtained by the mixture of different species of cover plants are thus often required. Compared to classical approaches of innovative cropping system design based on the experimental testing of spatial and temporal plant combinations, such a trait-based approach saves time by focusing on a shortlist of cover plants best suited according to their functions in the agrosystem.     

景观生态学理论指导下的苏南现代农业区域规划探析

随着我国市场经济向纵深发展,苏南许多地区都面临着经济发展与土地利用相制约的问题,同时也带来了资源过度消耗和生态环境污染等一系列问题。本文以江阴临港新城(区)南部农业生态区景观优化与土地适宜性利用方案为例,分析了景观生态学理论指导下的苏南现代农业区域规划实践,以期对我国现代农业规划提供借鉴与参考。     

FlorTree: A unifying modelling framework for estimating the species-specific pollution removal by individual trees and shrubs

Atmospheric pollution is a threatening problem around the world, with tropospheric ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and particulate matter (PM₁₀) among the most harmful pollutants for citizens’ health. Nature-based solutions such as urban trees can cut down air concentrations of these pollutants thanks to stomatal uptake and dry deposition on their canopies and, in addition, uptake carbon dioxide (CO₂) and store carbon in their tissues. Unfortunately, some species emit biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (bVOCs) that are O₃-precursors leading to air quality deterioration. As a proper selection of species is essential for urban greening, we developed an innovative single-tree model (FlorTree) to estimate the maximum flux of air pollutants. FlorTree considered species-specific parameters, such as tree morphology (height and crown leaf area), leaf/shoot structure, leaf habit (deciduous/evergreen) and eco-physiological responses to environmental factors, for 221 urban tree and shrub species. We applied the FlorTree model to examine i) which are the best species for air pollution removal in the case study of Florence (Italy) and ii) whether the species-specific removal performance is affected by different climate and air pollution conditions in other cities, namely Bucharest (Romania) and Tokyo (Japan). Results suggested that 24 tall trees (mainly broadleaves belonging to Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus genus) may be recommended for Florence due to their large crowns at maturity (50 years old), relatively high stomatal conductance and no bVOCs release. These general characteristics, however, were affected by climatic and pollutant conditions, suggesting that FlorTree must be applied to the local conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that FlorTree can be applied in any city for maximizing the air quality improvement by urban trees.     

Spatial pattern analysis of pre- and post-hurricane forest canopy structure in North Carolina,USA

Existing spatial patterns of a forest are in part a product of its disturbance history. Using laser altimetry and field measures of canopy top height to represent pre- and post-hurricane canopy topography, respectively, we measured changes in spatial patterns of stand structure of a United States southern mixed coniferous-deciduous for est. Autocorrelative and fractal properties were measured in this opportunistic study to quantify changes in canopy architecture along twelve, 190-250 m transects that were subjected to moderate to high levels of wind disturbance. Prior to the hurricane, canopy heights were autocorrelated at scales <40 m with an average fractal dimension of 1.71. After the disturbance, autocorrelation disappeared; the average fractal dimension rose to 1.94. This shift towards spatial randomness illustrates part of the cyclical nature of ecosystem development. It shows how a catastrophic collapse of biomass accumulation corresponds to a decrease in ecosystem organization across a landscape. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

贵州喀斯特山区草地生态系统类型转变对土壤有机碳的影响

为探明喀斯特生态脆弱区土地利用方式转变对土壤有机碳的影响,以贵州省不同海拔梯度下的草地及其相应开垦的农田为研究对象,采用成对设计的方法研究了不同海拔梯度下草地、农田的有机碳特征及草地生态系统类型转变对土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:研究区草地、农田土壤体积质量随土层深度增加显著升高(P <0.05),增幅为17.85%～45.74%,草地转变为农田后土壤体积质量均显著增加,增幅为5.09%～10.88%。研究区草地、农田土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而显著降低,表层(0～10 cm)土壤有机碳含量占整个研究区(0～50 cm)的54.93%,呈表层富集现象。草地生态系统类型转变导致整个研究区土壤有机碳含量显著下降,降幅为19.64%～57.12%,且降幅随着海拔高度的增加而增大;草地转变为农田使土壤有机碳密度下降,降幅12.22%～50.73%。     

The value of vegetation cover for ecosystem services in the suburban context

Latin-American cities can be characterized by dynamic processes of urbanization that encroach upon the natural and semi-natural surrounding landscapes. Our study presents the effects of landscape development, transformed from semi-natural conditions into a mostly disperse suburban settlement. We explore the impact that this transformation has had on this context by three ecosystem services that regulate rainwater runoff, enhance microclimate conditions and help to improve air quality by monitoring vegetation cover. We have designed a spatio-temporal hierarchical analysis which employs remote sensing techniques to capture the structural changes of this landscape over long, medium and short term scales on two spatial levels. This methodological approach was tested in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS) as case study area. Despite of the increase in impervious surfaces due to urban processes, there has also been an increase in vegetation cover, which has led to an improvement in the provision of the above-mentioned ecosystem services. Hence, if diverse urbanization processes continue and they are coupled with an increase in vegetation cover, the provision of ecosystem services could also expand. This phenomenon can be observed in some areas, where public and private green spaces are created and maintained. Our data analyses give evidence that certain types of suburban areas which increase the share of vegetation cover can provide daily ecological benefits for urban neighborhoods, and beyond, for adjacent areas. Moreover, suburban development can successfully provide ecological benefits to citizens. Such processes can only be ecologically sustainable if the composition of vegetation is well-adapted to the regional climatic conditions.     

环境污染对农业生态系统服务功能影响

农业生态系统服务功能是农业生态过程和人类活动所形成的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用. 城市污染物排放增加, 农业化学品污染加重, 农村畜禽粪尿污染成灾以及乡镇企业污染发展影响了农业生态系统有机质生产, 降低了农业产品品质, 减弱了土壤生态过程, 破坏了生物多样性, 减弱了气候调节与减灾功能, 减少了动物传粉与有害生物控制效应七项生态服务功能. 遏止环境污染是保护农业生态系统服务功能的关键.