Attribution of explanatory factors for change in soil organic carbon density in the native grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China

The variation in soil organic carbon density(SOCD) has been widely documented at various spatial and temporal scales. However, an accurate method for examining the attribution of explanatory factors for change in SOCD is still lacking. This study aims to attribute and quantify the key climatic factors, anthropogenic activities, and soil properties associated with SOCD change in the native grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China, by comparing data between the 1960s and the 2010s. In 2007 and 2011, we resampled 142 soil profiles which were originally sampled during 1963–1964 in the native grasslands of Inner Mongolia. SOCD was determined in A horizon(eluvial horizon) of the soil. We selected the explanatory factors based on a random forest method, and explored the relationships between SOCD change and each of the explanatory factors using a linear mixed model. Our results indicated that the change in SOCD varied from the east to the west of Inner Mongolia, and SOCD was 18% lower in the 2010s than in the 1960s. The lower SOCD in the 2010s may primarily be attributed to the increasing in mean annual water surface evaporation, which explained approximately 10% and 50% of the total variation and explainable variation in the change in SOCD, respectively. The sand content of the soil is also a significant explanatory factor for the decrease in SOCD, which explained about 4% and 21% of the total variation and explainable variation in the change in SOCD, respectively. Furthermore, the collection of quantitative information on grazing frequency and duration may also help to improve our understanding of the anthropogenic factors that govern the change in SOCD.     

Soil microbial activity and community structure as affected by exposure to chloride and chloride-sulfate salts

Mixed or chloride salty ions dominate in saline soils, and exert wide-ranging adversely affect on soil biological processes and soil functions. The objectives of this study were to(1) explore the impacts of mixed(0, 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40 g Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt/kg dry soil) and chloride(0, 1.5, 3, 5, 8 and 15 g Cl~– salt/kg dry soil) salts on soil enzyme activities, soil physiological functional(Biolog) profiles and microbial community structure by using soil enzymatic, Biolog-Eco microplates as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DEEG) methods, and(2) determine the threshold concentration of soil electronic conductivity(EC_(1:5)) on maintaining the functional and structural diversity of soil microbial community. The addition of either Cl~– or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt obviously increased soil EC, but adversely affected soil biological activities including soil invertase activity, soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and substrate-induced respiration(SIR). Cl~– salt showed a greater deleterious influence than mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt on soil enzymes and MBC, e.g., the higher soil MBC consistently appeared with Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)instead of Cl– treated soil. Meanwhile, we found that SIR was more reliable than soil basal respiration(SBR) on explaining the changes of soil biological activity responsive to salt disturbance. In addition, microbial community structures of the soil bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus were obviously affected by both salt types and soil EC levels, and its diversity increased with increasing of mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt rates, and then sharply declined down after it reached critical point. Moreover, the diversity of fungal community was more sensitive to the mixed salt addition than other groups. The response of soil physiological profiles(Biolog) followed a dose-response pattern with Cl~–(R~2=0.83) or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)(R~2=0.89) salt. The critical threshold concentrations of salts for soil physiological function were 0.45 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.26 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–), and those for soil microbial community structural diversity were 0.70 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.75 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–).     

溶解混施水肥一体化装置施肥性能试验研究

为了了解溶解混施水肥一体化装置的性能,以装置出口水肥溶液浓度的均匀性作为衡量装置施肥性能的主要参数,采用控制变量法,研究滤网桶参数、进口流量及加料器对装置施肥性能的影响.结果表明:采用60目的滤网桶时,出口水肥浓度均匀系数比40目的高6.1%;采用250 mm的滤网桶时,出口水肥浓度均匀系数比150 mm的高4.3%;相比于流量为2.5,2.0 m³/h,采用1.5 m³/h时,出口水肥浓度均匀系数分别高了12.6%和17.3%;使用加料器时,装置出口水肥浓度的均匀系数比不使用加料器加肥时高了9.9%.因此滤网桶的参数、流量均对装置施肥性能有明显的影响,滤网桶网孔数越多,滤网桶直径越大,流量越小,装置出口水肥溶液浓度的均匀系数越大,装置的施肥性能越好.     

华北落叶松人工林质量精准提升中的树种选择研究

[目的]研究山西省北部人工华北落叶松纯林质量精准提升中的树种混交策略,为该地区的森林经营提供参考。[方法]在管涔山设置华北落叶松不同混交模式和不同起源的固定样地,2010年和2015年夏分别对样地内胸径≥5.0cm的样木进行每木检尺。采用单因素方差分析和t检验比较不同起源、不同混交模式下混交树种生长量的差异显著性。[结果](1)与华北落叶松混交的树种,胸径生长量ΔD表现为:ΔD白桦ΔD白杄ΔD山柳,胸高断面积生长量ΔS表现为:ΔS白桦ΔS白杄ΔS山柳,蓄积生长量ΔV表现为:ΔV白桦≈ΔV白杄ΔV山柳。(2)不同混交模式下,华北落叶松的ΔS和ΔV差异不显著。(3)天然中幼林条件下,混交树种的生长量为:白杄白桦山柳;人工中幼林条件下,混交树种的生长量白桦最大。(4)白杄与天然华北落叶松混交的生长量大于与人工华北落叶松混交,白桦与人工华北落叶松混交的生长量大于与天然华北落叶松混交。[结论]在人工华北落叶松纯林的幼龄阶段,林间空地栽植白桦,构建华北落叶松—白桦斑块混交结构。通过针阔树种的混交,营造较为稳定、接近天然状态的生态环境。当白桦生长量下降、生态功能减弱后,采伐长势不良的白桦,在林冠下层补植白杄,形成稳定的华北落叶松—白杄混交、复层、异龄林。     

云冷杉阔叶混交过伐林林分优势高估计方法的研究

[目的]以云冷杉阔叶混交林为对象,比较混交林优势高的估计方法,为混交林立地质量评价提供依据。[方法]在吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场,调查53块云冷杉阔叶混交林样地,样地为圆形,面积600 m^2。在每个样地实测6株针阔叶树种优势木的树高和年龄,并采用针叶树的优势高、阔叶树的优势高、算术平均优势高、加权平均优势高4种方法估计林分优势高,通过不同优势高的相关分析、与林分年龄、蓄积量、生产力和密度的关系进行比较。[结果]4种方法得到的林分优势高有显著的相关性,相关系数在0.434~0.980之间;但单用针叶或阔叶树得到的优势高与二者平均高的差别较大,算术及加权平均方法的结果非常接近;4种方法得到的林分优势高与林分蓄积量具有中等的相关性,相关系数在0.358~0.577之间,以断面积加权林分优势高最大,但与林分生产力无显著的相关性;林分优势高受到林分密度的显著影响,与年龄的关系很弱。[结论]对于云冷杉阔叶异龄混交林,4种林分优势高都不能反映立地生产力,需要更多的验证和发展新的立地质量评价指标。     

分层混合均衡问题和不动点问题的等价性

在Hilbert空间中,介绍了一类改进的混合均衡问题,并在适当条件下研究了混合均衡问题与不动点问题的等价关系,进一步建立了关于分层混合均衡问题解的一个充分必要条件.     

混交毛竹林植物多样性与枯梢病感病指数的关系

调查了江西省竹–针混交林、竹–阔混交林、毛竹纯林3种毛竹林的植物多样性和毛竹枯梢病的病情,分析毛竹林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的植物多样性指数与枯梢病感病指数的关系。结果表明:竹–针混交林感病指数为6.321±1.530,枯梢病为害最严重;毛竹纯林感病指数为4.460±1.903,受害最小;竹–阔混交林乔木层和灌木层的丰富度指数(S)、香浓威纳指数(H)和辛普森指数(D)最高,毛竹纯林乔木层和灌木层的植物多样性指数最低,毛竹纯林草本层的多样性指数最高,竹–针混交林草本层的最低;竹–阔混交林和竹–针混交林乔木层的植物多样性指数均与感病指数呈极显著负相关,毛竹纯林乔木层的的植物多样性指数与感病指数呈正相关;竹–阔混交林灌木层的辛普森指数和香浓指数、毛竹纯林的丰富度指数与感病指数呈极显著负相关,竹–针混交林灌木层的丰富度指数与病情指数呈显著负相关;竹–阔混交林和毛竹纯林草本层的植物多样性指数与感病指数均呈正相关,竹–针混交林草本层的植物多样性指数与感病指数呈负相关。     

Oceanographic factors affecting interannual recruitment variability of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the central and western North Pacific

Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) has a short life span of 2 years and tends to exhibit marked population fluctuations. To examine the importance of sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) as oceanographic factors for interannual variability of saury recruitment in early life history, we analyzed the relationship between abundance index (survey CPUE (catch per unit of effort)) of age‐1 fish and the oceanographic factors in the spawning and nursery grounds of the previous year when they were born, for the period of 1979–2006, in the central and western North Pacific. Applying the mixture of two linear regression models, the variability in the survey CPUE was positively correlated with previous year's winter SST in the Kuroshio Recirculation region (KR) throughout the survey period except 1994–2002. In contrast, the survey CPUE was positively correlated with the previous year's spring MLD (a proxy of spring chlorophyll a (Chl‐a) concentration) in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Transition and Kuroshio Extension (TKE) during 1994–2002. This period is characterized by unusually deep spring MLD during 1994–1997 and anomalous climate conditions during 1998–2002. We suggest that saury recruitment variability was generally driven by the winter SST in the KR (winter spawning/nursery ground), or by the spring Chl‐a concentration (a proxy of prey for saury larvae) in the TKE (spring spawning/nursery ground). These oceanographic factors could be potentially useful to predict abundance trends of age‐1 saury in the future if the conditions leading to the switch between SST and MLD as the key input variable are elucidated further.     

高寒区施肥和混播对燕麦人工草地生物碳储量影响的研究

采用三因素四水平正交试验设计[L₁₆（4⁵）],研究了燕麦品种、施肥和箭筈豌豆混播对燕麦人工草地生物碳储量影响的研究,为燕麦人工草地生态评价提供理论依据。结果表明,品种、施肥和混播均显著影响燕麦草地生物碳储量,品种主要影响燕麦茎、穗和根生物碳储量,施肥主要影响燕麦叶生物碳和箭筈豌豆根生物碳储量;混播主要影响箭筈豌豆茎、叶生物碳储量。燕麦人工草地总碳储量为1 707.70~2 470.15 kg·hm^-2,其中利用青海甜燕麦和采用尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥施肥处理,箭筈豌豆混播75 kg·hm^-2或60 kg·hm^-2时建植燕麦人工草地地上、地下总生物碳储量均表现较高,其地上总生物碳储量分别为2 204.7 kg·hm^-2,2 136.4 kg·hm^-2和2 008.0 kg·hm^-2,地下总生物碳储量分别为265.4 kg·hm^-2,247.4 kg·hm^-2和250.3 kg·hm^-2。各器官碳储量及群落总生物碳储量均随生育期的推进显著增加,在乳熟期达到最大。燕麦和箭筈豌豆地上总生物碳储量分别在燕麦抽穗期—开花期和开花—乳熟期增长迅速。     

横推流式连续干法厌氧发酵设备设计与试验

我国干法厌氧发酵技术仍然处于试验示范阶段,尤其是连续式干法厌氧发酵技术仍停留在实验室小试阶段。针对上述问题,基于螺旋输送和真空负压出料原理,研究了横推流式连续厌氧干法发酵装置设计方法,并试制1套有效容积180 L的中试设备。该平台主要由螺旋进料、干法厌氧发酵、负压出料、气体净化收集、固液分离、在线控制等单元组成。在牛粪与玉米秸秆干物质混合质量比为3∶1、接种量30%、混合原料总固形物质量分数20%的条件下,分3个阶段启动和调试中试平台,整个调试过程共持续103 d。第1阶段,反应器在室温下运行33 d,平均容积产气率为0.17 m~3/(m~3·d);第2阶段,提升反应器温度至中温38℃,反应器平均容积产气率升至0.25 m~3/(m~3·d)左右,但pH值有明显降低,且沼气中甲烷含量降低;反应器运行68 d后进入第3阶段,通过添加沼液提高接种量,之后反应器的容积产气率快速升高,最高可达0.58 m~3/(m~3·d),此阶段中试装置平均容积产气率为0.48 m~3/(m~3·d),甲烷质量分数稳定在56%左右,混合原料的干物质降解率达到48%以上。结果表明,该横推流式连续厌氧干法发酵平台可实现固体物料的连续进出料和稳定连续产气,达到了设计要求。