Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

Drivers of Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult growth and impact on forage quality in lowland Switzerland meadows

Invasive grasses (especially Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult) increasingly threaten meadows and pastures as a consequence of human impact and climate change. We conducted a study in 2012 and in 2013 to better understand the growing cycle and the influence of S. pumila on forage quality of lowland meadows. We observed a rapid increase of S. pumila presence and phytomass on the southern side of the Alps across the growing season. We measured (i) above‐ground phytomass, with a modified Corral‐Fenlon method; (ii) botanical composition using the linear point quadrat method; and (iii) grassland chemical composition by NIRs (near‐infrared spectroscopy) analyses. To test the hypothesis that S. pumila summer growth is related to specific climatic conditions, meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration) were collected from meteorological stations near the study sites. Total phytomass was sorted into S. pumila and other species. We used a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and found the abundance of S. pumila to be inversely correlated with rainfall and the presence of other species, but positively correlated with temperature increase. The increase of S. pumila above‐ground phytomass production was linked to a reduction of forage quality.     

Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

斜流泵小流量工况压力脉动数值模拟与实验

基于标准的Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型,对斜流泵全流场进行大涡模拟并结合压力脉动实验对小流量工况下的压力脉动和内部流场进行研究。实验结果表明,叶轮进口处的脉动幅值最高,随着流量的降低压力脉动幅值逐渐增加,不同工况下叶轮进口、叶轮出口、导叶进口的压力脉动主频为叶频,但导叶出口脉动主频随着流量的变化而变化。大涡模拟表明,0.8Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较好,叶轮进口轴面速度变化较小,而在0.4Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较复杂,轴面速度变化较大,0.4Qopt工况时叶轮进口冲角增加以及受到相邻叶片叶顶泄漏流的影响,在t*=0.041 6时叶片进口吸力面已发生流动分离,当叶轮从t*=0.041 6旋转到t*=0.124 9时,叶片吸力面流动分离加剧,轮缘处的轴面速度明显升高,同时分离涡的旋转强度也逐渐增强,导致该区域的静压下降,逆压梯度上升,促使回流的产生,当回流到达叶片进口时进口处的静压逐渐恢复,因此叶轮进口流动分离是引起叶轮进口压力脉动幅值增加的重要因素。     

基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木生长模型

[目的]建立湖南省马尾松次生林单木断面积与材积生长模型,为林木的生长预估提供理论依据.[方法]以湖南省2014年一类清查样地中的20块马尾松次生林为研究对象,选取5个具有生物学意义的生长方程,建立马尾松断面积和材积随年龄变化的基础模型,在此基础上,加入以样地为随机效应的随机参数,构建基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木断...     

草本植物混播对公路边坡的防护效果研究

草本植物混播应用于高等级公路边坡防护,具有减少噪音、防冲减蚀和改善公路沿线生态环境的良好效果。播种当年地表植被覆盖度达89.5%以上,可分别减少径流、泥沙36.5%和82.7%以上,次年地表覆盖度可达95%以上,基本上无水土流失且对土壤的改良作用明显。其中百喜草(50%)+白三叶(50%)的效果最好,高羊茅(40%)+白三叶(40%)+多年生黑麦草(20%)的效果次之,多年生黑麦草(30%)+早熟禾(30%)+白三叶(40%)的效果居第三。     

华北土石山区不同林分结构与功能的研究

在调查北京八达岭林区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)及其混交林生长量、土壤理化性质、水源涵养能力、病虫害的基础上,研究其结构与功能关系.结果表明,混交林比纯林具有更好的生长量,土壤理化性质得到进一步改善,从而提高水源涵养能力.另外,混交林还能够提高林分抵抗病虫害的能力.采用混交的方式为:1行刺槐3行侧柏循环混交,刺槐株数不超过1/4.本项研究以期对北京市森林健康经营具有一定的指导意义.     

高能混合粒子场诱变小麦的细胞学效应研究

利用北京正负电子对撞机直线加速器E2束流打靶产生高能混合粒子场,以0、109、145、1952、84和560Gy的剂量处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,并与相同剂量的60Coγ射线相比较,研究其细胞学效应。试验结果表明,混合粒子场辐照小麦种子可抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂,诱发染色体出现单微核、双微核、多微核、环状染色体、落后染色体、游离染色体、染色体断片等多种畸变类型。混合粒子场与γ射线诱发的微核畸变率和染色体畸变率均存在明显的剂量效应,但混合粒子场的损伤效应明显高于γ射线。混合粒子场可诱发高频率的环状染色体和染色体断片,显示出混合粒子场处理小麦具有比γ射线处理更高的相对生物学效应。     

水土流失区马尾松垦复施肥与混交固氮植物措施对比分析

水土流失区马尾松“老头林”采用一般的垦复施肥措施，对促进马尾松生长有显著效果，但施肥作用只能持续3年左右。而采用混交固氮树种杨梅、胡枝子的措施，随着固氮植物固氮能力及生物生长量的增加，土壤养分状况、土壤结构等得到不断改善，马尾松高生长量也在逐步上升，效果十分显著，且作用持久。