基于物元可拓模型的黄河兰州段突发水污染安全评价

[目的]科学评价黄河流域突发水污染安全等级,为提高黄河流域突发水污染事件应急响应能力提供参考.[方法]基于科学性、整体性、数据可获得性等原则,通过PSR模型遴选16个与黄河兰州段相关指标构建评价指标体系,并以黄河兰州段2014-2019年数据为基础,采用GRA-PCA组合确定指标权重,运用物元可拓模型得到其突发水污染安...     

基于成本视角的水质水量双向调节生态补偿量研究

[目的]以黄河流域陕西片区为实例进行水质水量双向调节的生态补偿量研究,为解决黄河流域上下游生态权益分配矛盾,实现流域区域间公平发展提供理论依据。[方法]同时考虑成本、价值和奖惩3个方面,以基本补偿标准为基础,采用水质改良系数法和水量贡献度法,构建基于水质水量的补偿标准测算模型开展研究。[结果]黄河流域陕西片区生态补偿量的基本补偿标准为13.74亿元;基于水质、水量调节值分别为-5.66和6.84亿元;2018年陕西省获得生态补偿金额为14.92亿元。[结论]相比以往的测算模型,该模型的测算结果更符合实际情况,同时也更适应于外部环境要素的变化。     

Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

SUSTAINABLE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BIOENERGY BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Commercial fertilizer (particularly nitrogen) costs account for a substantial portion of the total production costs of cellulosic biomass and can be a major obstacle to biofuel production. In a series of greenhouse studies, we evaluated the feasibility of co-applying Gibberellins (GA) and reduced nitrogen (N) rates to produce a bioenergy crop less expensively. In a preliminary study, we determined the minimum combined application rates of GA and N required for efficient biomass (sweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) production. Co-application of 75 kg ha^?1 (one-half of the recommended N rate for sorghum) and a modest GA rate of 3 g ha^?1 optimized dry matter yield (DMY) and N and phosphorus (P) uptake efficiencies, resulting in a reduction of N and P leaching. Organic nutrient sources such as manures and biosolids can be substituted for commercial N fertilizers (and incidentally supply P) to further reduce the cost of nutrient supply for biomass production. Based on the results of the preliminary study, we conducted a second greenhouse study using sweet sorghum as a test bioenergy crop. We co-applied organic sources of N (manure and biosolids) at 75 and 150 kg PAN ha^?1 (representing 50 and 100% N rate respectively) with 3 g GA ha^?1. In each batch of experiment, the crop was grown for 8 wk on Immokalee fine sand of minimal native fertility. After harvest, sufficient water was applied to soil in each pot to yield ～1.5 L (～0.75 pore volume) of leachate, and analyzed for total N and soluble reactive P (SRP). The reduced (50%) N application rate, together with GA, optimized biomass production. Application of GA at 3 g ha^?1, and the organic sources of N at 50% of the recommended N rate, decreased nutrient cost of producing the bioenergy biomass by ～$375 ha^?1 (>90% of total nutrient cost), and could reduce offsite N and P losses from vulnerable soils.     

Calibration of Hargreaves–Samani equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration in semiarid and arid regions

The Penman–Monteith (FAO-56 PM) equation is suggested as the standard method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET₀) by the International Irrigation and Drainage Committee and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). On the other hand, the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) equation is an alternative method compared with the FAO-56 PM equation. In the present study, the original coefficient C of the HS equation is calibrated based on the FAO-56 PM equation for estimating the reference ET₀ from 15 meteorological stations in central Iran (about 170,000 km²) under semiarid and arid conditions. After calibration, the new values for C are ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0037. The mean bias error (MBE), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio of average estimations of ET₀ (R) values for all stations are ranged from 0.12 to 5.38, ?5.35 to 1.15 mm d^?1 and 0.64 to 1.28 for the HS equation and from 0.12 to 2.48, ?2.2 to 0.60 mm d^?1, and 1.00 to 1.05 for the calibrated Hargreaves–Samani equation (CHS), respectively. Results indicate that the average RMSE and MBE values are decreased by 40% and 66%, respectively. Relationships for calibrating the C coefficient on the basis of annual average of daily temperature range (ΔT) and wind speed (V) are proposed, calibrated, and validated. Hence, the CHS equation can be used for ET₀ estimates with acceptable accuracy instead of the FAO-56 PM method.     

Density separation of soil organic matter across three land uses in calcareous soils of Iran

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of physical and chemical fractionation in quantifying soil organic matter (SOM) in different stabilized fraction pools. Soil samples from three land use types in Lorestan province, Southwest Iran were examined to account for the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen in different SOM fractions. Size/density separation and chemical oxidation methods were applied to separate the SOM fractions including particulate organic matter (POM), Si + C (silt and clay), DOC (dissolved organic C), rSOM (oxidation-resistant organic carbon and nitrogen) and S + SA (sand and stable aggregates). The values obtained for TOC, TN, and HWC were highest in forest lands followed by the range and agricultural lands. Among the SOM fractions, S + SA showed the highest values (5.75, 5.77 and 20.6 g kg^?1 for agriculture, range and forest lands respectively) followed by POM, Si + C, rSOM, and DOC. The concentrations of C and N in the labile fractions obtained the higher values than in the stabilized fractions. Forest lands had the highest amounts of organic C and N among all fractions whereas agricultural lands showed highest values for inorganic C content of soils in different fractions.     

Einfluss von grundwasser und trittbelastung auf den prozess der torfmineralisation und die stoffbilanzen: Influence of ground water and footprints on process of peat mineralization and nutrient balances

Pasture with burdening on peat-bog done four times a year has more positive effects on the water balance than twice grassland use. The saving of water that has been determined by lysimeters evokes no positive effects on the N-, P-, K- or Ca-balance. Due to the lower depth of the plant roots under lowland bog used for pasture more nutrients were leached into the ground water. The soil compression leads to anaerobic conditions. Therefore the phosphorus becomes more mobile and migrates into the outlet. The effect on the peat mineralization and the nutrient balances was not as clear as assumes, because other parameters like the combination of the vegetation formation and the age of the plants also had a strong influence on the factor. The younger plants from the pastures have show higher nutrient contents so that the nutrient export is higher and the balance becomes more negative.     

拟南芥DA1-Related Protein 2基因参与调控植物对盐胁迫的响应

土壤盐渍化是目前农业生产面临的主要问题之一,同时种子萌发转绿作为植物幼苗形态建成的基础对盐胁迫最为敏感。本研究以Col-0、Ler野生型拟南芥和osr1短根突变体拟南芥为试验材料,通过图位克隆方法得到调控根生长的DAR2(DA1-Related Protein 2)基因。本研究利用RT-PCR方法,发现生长10 d的Col-0幼苗在200 mmol·L 1氯化钠条件下处理6 h和12 h,DAR2基因受盐胁迫诱导;200 mmol·L 1氯化钠处理后,组织化学染色结果显示,萌发1 d的根尖韧皮部和3 d的叶片pDAR2::GUS的表达上升,进一步表明DAR2基因受到盐胁迫的诱导。统计不同MS培养基[0(CK)、100 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钠、200 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钾、200 mmol·L 1甘露醇]上Col-0和dar2-3的萌发率和转绿率发现:随着氯化钠浓度的逐渐增大,突变体无论萌发还是转绿时间明显比野生型晚。在150 mmol·L 1氯化钾和200 mmol·L 1甘露醇培养条件下,萌发和转绿的时间也比野生型要晚。这些结果表明突变体在萌发和转绿期对盐胁迫的敏感性比野生型明显增强,进一步证明了突变体对盐胁迫的敏感性并不是对离子的特异响应。这些研究结果为深入了解逆境胁迫下植物早期生长发育的可塑性调控机制奠定了基础,同时也为通过生物技术改良作物抗逆性提供了理论依据。     

基于高光谱数据的水体叶绿素a指数反演模型的建立

水体叶绿素a含量是反映水体质量的重要指标之一,利用遥感技术监测其含量具有众多优势。该研究利用2012年7月在广西壮族自治区桂林市漓江流域实地采集的水体高光谱数据和实验室化验分析数据,借鉴陆表植被叶绿素a的遥感反演模型,发展了一种新的水体叶绿素a提取指数(water chlorophyll-a index,WCI)。通过与反射率敏感波段法、波段比值法和半分析方法对比分析发现,新提出的WCI指数使用650、685、696 nm波段,波段稳定,决定系数R2可达0.58,均方根误差最小为0.24,受水体悬浮物影响小,在天津海河区域的验证效果也表明了该模型可以有效地提取水体叶绿素a含量。该方法扩展了水体叶绿素a监测的建模思路,对水体叶绿素a监测建模有一定的指导作用。     

覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量

为从农田碳通量角度揭示地膜覆盖种植方式的增产增效机理,于2011年在山西寿阳旱作农业野外试验站对覆膜和露地春玉米田,进行了表层土壤温湿度、土壤呼吸和净碳交换规律及作物生长发育规律的研究和分析。结果表明:与露地处理相比较,覆膜处理全生育期表层土壤含水率提高了18.7%,前期可平均提高表层土壤温度1.67℃。覆膜和露地处理土壤呼吸变化规律总体一致,但前者的温度敏感系数Q10比后者低,且中后期前者排放的碳仅为后者的61.7%,说明采用覆盖地膜种植方式有利于农田土壤碳管理。前期和中期覆膜处理绿叶面积指数比露地处理平均高0.81 m2/m2,后期覆膜处理衰老较快,收获时比露地处理低1.00 m2/m2;露地处理在前期和中期日均净碳通量平均比覆膜处理大0.04 mg/(m2·s),而后期仅小0.02 mg/(m2·s),这是造成2处理最终生物产量和经济产量差异的根本原因。在地上干物质积累和地下干物质积累方面,覆膜处理始终比露地处理高,收获时差值分别为269.7和38.6 g/m2。露地处理每公顷少收春玉米籽粒1 348 kg。由此可见,覆膜种植可提高表层土壤温湿度,促进作物生长发育,抑制土壤呼吸,促进碳积累,增加农民收入的同时更有利于土壤碳管理。