杉木无性系结实强度的遗传变异

首次以结实强度为标准，评价杉木种子园无性系的结实能力，以利提高无性系无选择的准确性，研究结果杉木无性结实强度具较高的重复力系数，单株为0.250-0.477，无性系数为0.500-0.733，为中等遗传控制，无性系间CV36．33％－121．81％，无性系内分株间为27.27%,62.73%,系间变异大于系内变异，可提高无性系结实能力评价精度和无性系再选择的可靠性。     

Acid fog removes calcium and boron from fir tree: One of the possible causes of forest decline

We have observed acid fog in Mt. Oyama adjacent to the Kanto Plains in Japan, where acid fog under pH 3 has been frequently observed and natural fir forest (Abies firma) has been declining. We applied the simulated acid fog to the needles of fir twigs and the treatment removed calcium, boron, and cell-wall acidic sugars from the needles. We also observed high contents of calcium, boron, and acidic sugars in throughfall collected under the declining forest canopy. Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺ ion leach via ion-exchange with major cations of fog-water and the amount of leached boron increased with the increase in the concentration of leached Ca⁺⁺. The deficiency of calcium and boron by leaching could be one of the main causes of decline of the fir forest.     

Dendroclimatological regions of Douglas fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudotsuga menziesii</Emphasis> Franco) in western Poland

Abstract Six Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) stands were selected in both the Sudety Mountains and the Great Poland Lowland. These two regions are distinctly different with regard to thermal and pluvial conditions. In each stand, two increment cores per tree were extracted from 20 approximately 100-year-old trees and the tree-ring widths measured. It is clear from the different growth reactions of the study trees to the climatic conditions that the Sudety Mountains and the Great Poland Lowland are two dendrochronologically separate regions. The tree-ring width chronologies form homogeneous groups for each region. The tree ring–climate models for Douglas fir in both regions indicate similarities and differences. The similarities among chronologies are attributed to winter temperature. The differences are attributed to rainfall (which changes with longitude and altitude of sites) during the vegetation season.     

第2代杉木林速生阶段营养元素的空间分布特征和生物循环

利用 2a定位观测数据 ,本文对速生阶段的第 2代杉木人工林内N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种养分元素的含量、积累、空间分布和生物循环进行了研究 ,结果表明 :各组分养分含量排列顺序为草本层 >灌木层 >树叶 >树枝 >树皮 >树根 >树干。树枝中Ca的含量丰富 ,树皮中K的含量丰富。凋落物层养分元素含量低于树枝和树叶 ,反映了凋落时养分元素向林木体内迁移回收的现象。杉木富集N、P、Ca 3种元素。 5种元素积累总量为 85 4 6 5kg·hm- 2 ,是第 1代的 1 5倍。第 2代杉木生产 1t干物质所需养分量为 11 6 2kg ,高于第 1代 ,第 2代杉木林将消耗更多的林地养分。林冠枝叶与树皮养分积累量占林木总积累量的 75 % ,采伐利用应仅取走树干而在林地中留下其它部分 ,让其分解使养分元素归还给土壤。草本层、灌木层与凋落物层三者的养分积累量为 88 13kg·hm- 2 ,是重要的养分库。第 2代杉木中养分元素的年积累量为 93 13kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略高于第 1代杉木林的养分年积累量。总归还量为 89 4 9kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,其中凋落物归还 17 4 6kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略低于第 1代 ,淋溶的养分量 72 0 4kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,是凋落物的 4倍多。吸收量为 182 6 2kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。与第 1代相比 ,第 2代杉木林中土壤K、P的含量高 ,而N、Ca、Mg 3种养分     

杉木种子园高产稳产的研究

根据全国7省26个杉木种子园有关数据,及浙江杉木种子园高产稳产研究协作组的研究报告,从高产稳产角度,对园址选择、建园材料选择、定砧密度、结实前管理及结实后管理技术进行探讨。园址最好选在撒粉期雨量不过多、不常遭冻害的杉木一般产区;选取低山向阳缓坡、隔离条件好、土壤深厚而肥力中等、湿润而排水良好的地方建园。建园材料选遗传增益高而结实中等以上无性系,注意花期相配。定砧密度要适当。结实前狠抓嫁接株保存率及直冠率,通过土壤管理及适当疏枝培养宽大、透光树冠;结实后狠抓土壤管理、花粉管理、及时疏伐及病虫防治,结实衰退时及时更新改造。     

四川低海拔区杉木萌生林经营前景研究

通过对四川省低海拔区杉木萌生林生长特点的分析，确定在中、上立地条件下，杉木第一代萌生林的成熟龄在１４～１６年左右。从胸径和树高生长看，第一代萌生林以留萌一株为好，但从单位面积蓄积看，以留萌两株为佳，在距地面高度不大的情况下，不同的采伐方式和伐桩高度对萌生林生长影响不大。一代萌生林的木材力学学性质与全国同年龄实生杉木的性质十分接近。详细的经济分析表明，在低海拔地区经营第一代杉木萌生林具有良好的前景。     

杉木幼林不同抚育方法效果的评价

在江西分宜县上村林场地位指数≥１６，没有或极少五节芒、茅草和水竹的地段，对杉木幼林采用以下抚育方法：①全面刀抚；②全面刀抚加局部松土除草；③全面松土除草。连续３ａ试验观测，结果表明：①和②法比③法植被覆盖度分别大５％～２５％，侵蚀量少４０％以上；３种抚育方法对林水生长均无显著差异，单位面积的抚育用工量，①法仅为②、③法的１／３左右。所以综合看来，以①法效果为佳。     

Role of canopy interception on water and nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantation ecosystem

The role of canopy interception on nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantation ecosystem was studied on the basis of the position data during four years. Results indicate that the average canopy interception amount was 267.0 mm/year. Canopy interception play a significant role in water cycle and nutrient cycle processes in ecosystem, and was an important part of evaporation from the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem, being up to 27.2%. The evaporation from the canopy interception was an important way of water output from ecosystem, up to 19.9%. The flush-eluviation of branches and leaves caused by canopy interception brought nutrient input of 143.629 kg/(hm² · year), which was 117.2% of the input 63.924 kg/(hm² · year) from the atmospheric precipitation. The decreased amount of 80.1 mm precipitation input caused by canopy interception reduced the amount of rainfall into the stand surface and infiltration into the soil, reduced the output with runoff and drainage, and decreased nutrient loss through output water. Therefore, the additional preserve of nutrient by canopy interception was 8.664 kg/(hm² · year). __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(12): 1–5 [译自: 林业科学]     

Using near-infrared hyperspectral images on subalpine fir board. Part 1: Moisture content estimation

Abstract

In this study, moisture content (MC) images of subalpine fir (abies lasiocarpa Hook) boards were derived from near-infrared hyperspectral images in the 947–1637 nm range. One hundred and seven cubic samples with the size of 4 cm were prepared from 14 boards. All samples were dried to various MCs during several steps until being completely dried. Hyperspectral images and weight measurements were acquired over each sample at each drying step. The samples have MC ranging from 1% to 137% (dry basis). The images were first calibrated into reflectance. Then, bad pixels were found and replaced by a corrected value using a median filter. A modified version of the boxplot method was used to find abnormal spectra that were then removed. The remaining spectra were converted into absorbance spectra. They were then split into a calibration and a validation data-set according to the boards they were extracted from to build and validate a partial least squares (PLS) regression model between the near-infrared absorbance spectra and the measured MCs. The PLS model was applied first to the sample images, then to the whole board images in order to produce 2D images of MC.     

杉木人工林不同造材方式的效果分析

以福建顺昌130株杉木人工林采伐样木资料为基础,采用7种不同的造材方式进行实际造材,对不同造材方式的出材率和平均销售单价进行比较,分析结果表明,不同造材方式出材率、平均销售单价之间均有显著差异。采用第7种造材方式(遇到根部有缺陷的,则截1 m段头,4 m段造材,根部无缺陷的,则不截头,4 m段造材)出材率和平均销售单价均最大,为最佳的造材方式。