木材炭化机理的研究——炭化方法和炭化条件对杉木间伐材炭化物物性的影响

采用一步炭化法与二步炭化法，加盖炭化法与未（不）加盖炭化法对杉木间伐材木屑在不同炭化条件下进行热解研究，同时结合元素分析方法，探讨了杉木间伐材木屑炭化的固体产物得率及其基本性质的变化规律。研究结果表明：炭化温度在400-600℃之间，炭化物得率下降十分明显，此后相对趋于恒定；加盖炭化法的得率高于未加盖法；升温速率对炭化物得率有较大影响。无论是一步炭化法还是二步法，炭化氛围气为空气时的炭化物固定碳含量及炭化物的还原性较氮气高。无论氛围气体是空气还是氮气，炭化物的还原性均随着炭化温度升高而升高。     

整地方式对杉木生长和经济效益的影响

用４种不同整地方式１７ａ的试验资料，分析了整对林木各种生长的影响；用帖现方法，比较了不同整地方式的经济效益。结果表明：整地方式对杉木各种连年生长的量的影响，一般在７－１０ａ消失；对平均高，胸径和单株材积的影响，主要箐面在１０－１２ａ前，在７－１０ａ差异最大；整地对胸径的影响比对高树高和单株积的影响短１－２ａ。     

杉木人工林生长过程表编制的研究*

利用近些年来在南方１４省（区）有关单位搜集的杉木人工林（实生）标地４４６５块材料，以杉木带、区及地位指数表为分类基础，编制了５组杉木人工林生长过程表（南带，北带及中带东区、中区、西区各编一组）。各表标准差大部分在±５％以下，最大不超过±７．８％。并根据各带、区生长过程表，提出经营意见及间伐、主伐年龄。     

杉木育种中GCA与SCA的相对重要性

选取九个待测优树无性系（材料Ⅰ），进行９×９杉木半双列交配试验，以及采用经过生长性状方面ＧＣＡ测定评选出来的六个速生优良无性系（材料Ⅱ），进行６×６杉木全双列交配试验。杉木配合力分析结果表明：采用Ⅱ类材料，进一步进行遗传测定时，群体一般配合力（ＧＣＡ）方差σｇ２小于群体特殊配合力（ＳＣＡ）方差σｓ２；而采用Ⅰ类材料，进行遗传测定时则：σｇ２＞σｓ２。不同的试验得出不同的结果，这主要是由研究材料的性质决定的。在杉木遗传改良领域中，加性学说与显性学说其实并不矛盾，因为ＧＣＡ的测定与评选和ＳＣＡ的测定与评选之间具有相对的独立性     

速生优良杉木组培快繁技术试验

应用正交设计法研究外植体的最佳消毒方式,同时考察了培养基、6-BA、KT、NAA等4个因子对杉木组培苗芽增殖的影响和IBA、NAA、ABT1#、蔗糖等4个因子对组培苗生根培养的影响。结果表明:以茎尖为外植体材料,消毒方式采用70%乙醇处理40 s后无菌水冲洗一遍,再用0.1%升汞溶液处理7 min后用无菌水冲洗5次以上;最佳的增殖培养基是1/2MS+6-BA 0.8 mg·L-1,最适于生根的培养基是MS培养基中+蔗糖30 g.L-1+IBA 1.2 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1+ABT1#1.5 mg·L-1。     

杉木种源选择决策新模型

在杉木育种过程中,选出优良的种源是实现杉木"速生、丰产、优质"的关键性问题。针对目前杉木种源选优方法所存在的缺陷,提出运用一种简单易行的方法———系统指数模型法来解决杉木种源的选优问题,从而为杉木种源选择的科学决策提供依据。     

杉木苗质量对造林当年生长影响的研究

不同苗高、径粗的１年生杉木实生苗对造林当年生长有密切的相关关系，苗高在４０ｃｍ以上，地径在０．６０ｃｍ以上的生长最快，否则生长较慢，但对造林成活率没有影响。     

杉木无性系生长及分枝习性的遗传变异

杉木无性系生长及分枝习性的遗传变异＊何贵平陈益泰关志山封剑文蔡宏明伊加生关键词杉木无性系生长性状重复力遗传相关近１０年来，杉木Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ．无性系的研究在我国有了长足的进步［１～５］，各地均有较多...     

A variance-covariance structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity in growth modeling

This study proposes a within-subject variance-covariance (VC) structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity in a context of growth modeling. The VC structure integrates a variance function and a continuous autoregressive covariance structure. It was tested on a nonlinear growth model parameterized with data from permanent sample plots. Using a stand-level approach, basal area growth was independently modeled for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] in mixed stands. For both species, the implementation of the VC structure significantly improved the maximum likelihood of the model. In both cases, it efficiently accounted for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, since the normalized residuals no longer exhibited departures from the assumptions of independent error terms with homogeneous variances. Moreover, compared with traditional nonlinear least squares (NLS) models, models parameterized with this VC structure may generate more accurate predictions when prior information is available. This case study demonstrates that the implementation of a VC structure may provide parameter estimates that are consistent with asymptotically unbiased variances in a context of nonlinear growth modeling using a stand-level approach. Since the variances are no longer biased, the hypothesis tests performed on the estimates are valid when the number of observations is large.     

Technical efficiency in the spice based agroforestry sector in Matale district, Sri Lanka

Spices constitute an important sub-sector of the economy of Sri Lanka. Most perennial spices are cultivated in agroforestry types of farming systems. A field survey was conducted covering 127 agroforestry farmers in six divisional secretariats in Matale district during the period of October to December 2002. Technical efficiency of spice based agroforestry systems was estimated in order to identify the potential increase in production without incurring additional costs for farm inputs. The factors affecting technical efficiency and constraints and potential of the agroforestry system were also investigated. According to a stochastic frontier production function using a Cobb–Douglas model, hired labour, organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, land size, and soil conservation measures showed significant positive effects on the agroforestry production. The mean technical efficiency of the spice based agroforestry systems was 84.32%. According to the inefficiency model the efficiency increased significantly as a result of farm visits by extension officers, participation in farmer training, less sloping lands, more experience, and higher diversity of the agroforestry system. Technical efficiency decreased, however, with higher education level of the farmer and with higher off-farm income. Unsustainability of the agroforestry system is seen as a result of a␣range of constraints related to productivity, market, technology and institutions.