On mechanical behavior of traditional timber shear wall in Taiwan I: background and theory derivation

The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanical behavior of traditional timber shear walls in Taiwan and to propose a theoretical model to predict their lateral force resistance. An extensive field investigation was conducted, and the dimensions, tectonic detail, and materials used were recorded. The data collected were used as the reference for theoretical derivation and experimental design. In the theoretical model, the moment resistance of entire shear walls was derived from the contributions of the moment-resisting capacity supplied not only by embedment and friction action between board units and beams but also the dowel action of bamboo nails. Timber shear walls with various geometric conditions and material properties are considered. The theoretical model demonstrated in this study can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of timber shear walls and will be verified by experiments in our next article.     

Estimation of shear moduli of wood by quasi-simple shear tests

A quasi-simple shear test, which is the most direct method for examining the shear properties of sheet metals, has been applied to measure the shear moduli of wood. Buna (Fagus crenata Blume) with variously sized shear regions was used for the test specimens. Strain gauges were mounted in the center of the shear regions to measure the shear strains. The shear tests were carried out to determine the shear moduli in the radial and tangential planes. Apparent shear moduli obtained from the experimental results were corrected by finite element method (FEM) simulation of the shear region, where both shearing and bending are produced. It was found that the corrected shear moduli are roughly independent of test conditions, and their values are in good agreement with the data obtained from bending-shear tests. This suggests that the method employed here can effectively estimate the shear moduli of wood.Part of this research was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society of Materials Science, Osaka, May 2001     

应对胶合板“双反”调查的分析及思考

我国与美国在林产品国际贸易上一直纠纷不断。继2006年美国对我国林产品进行"337"调查、2010年对我国复合地板"反倾销、反补贴"调查之后,2012年,美国几家胶合板企业联合向美商务部DOC递交了关于启动对中国出口美胶合板产品"反倾销、反补贴"调查的报告。中国林产工业协会及涉案企业经过1年多的努力应诉,终于在美国国际贸易委员会(ITC)终裁环节中获得胜利。围绕美国对我国胶合板产品"反倾销、反补贴"调查胜诉案例,全面分析了"双反"调查提出的背景,简述了我国对胶合板"双反"调查的应诉情况,系统总结了应对"双反"胜诉的原因、获得的经验、产生的影响。并对今后面临问题所应采取的措施进行了深入思考。     

双充种型孔滚筒式杂交稻育秧精密播种器设计与试验

目的 为满足杂交稻钵苗育秧低播量精密播种的农艺要求,解决型孔滚筒式育秧播种器作业过程中稻种在充种室流动性差、充种可靠性低、漏播指数高以及型孔易堵塞等问题,设计一种双充种型孔滚筒式杂交稻育秧精密播种器。方法 基于PLC控制技术,搭建型孔充种性能检测与控制系统,对播种器的关键部件进行设计,并通过EDEM离散元软件开展不同型孔形状、第一充种室充种位置角及生产率对充种性能影响的仿真试验,对第一充种区的型孔滚筒工作参数进行优化。研制试验样机并进行性能试验,试验材料为‘培杂泰丰’杂交稻。试验分2步：第1步,第二充种机构不动作,采用三因素三水平正交试验,研究型孔深度、生产率和第一充种室充种位置角对试验指标的影响,验证仿真准确性;第2步,启动第二充种机构,研究进行双充种作用下的不同振动频率对试验指标的影响,探明设计第二充种机构后播种性能。结果 第1步试验结果表明,影响播种合格指数与重播指数的因素主次顺序为型孔深度>生产率>第一充种室充种位置角;影响漏播指数的因素主次顺序为生产率>型孔深度>第一充种室充种位置角。第2步试验结果表明,当型孔形状为椭圆凹槽形,第一充种室的充种位置角为35°、第二充种室振动频率为27 Hz、生产率在400~600盘/h,播种合格指数均大于90%,漏播指数均小于3%,试验结果满足杂交稻低播量精密播种的农艺要求。结论 采用双充种的填充方式改善了播种器每穴的填充性能,减少了漏播指数,本研究结果为轻简型杂交稻钵苗育秧精密播种机的开发提供了理论依据。     

西葫芦双单倍体自交一代离体再生研究

以西葫芦DH12-11409双单倍体植株自交后代种子为试材,研究不同激素组合、外植体类型和苗龄对诱导西葫芦不定芽再生以及不定芽生根的影响。结果表明,取5d龄西葫芦双单倍体黄绿色子叶的子叶节为外植体,在MS+30g/L Suc+8g/L Agar+2.0mg/L 6-BA+0.1mg/L NAA培养基上诱导不定芽效果最好,诱导率高达90.0%,分化系数为8.5;生根培养基则以MS培养基中添加0.05或0.1mg/L NAA为宜;5~6片真叶再生植株经驯化移栽成活率高达90.0%,为再生植株驯化移栽的最佳时期。     

黄绵土营养诊断与双低油菜平衡施肥研究

采用温室盆栽与田间试验研究甘肃省高寒阴湿区黄绵土养分状况。结果表明,盆栽诊断黄绵土缺N、P、S和Zn,未表现缺B、Cu和Mn,Fe和Mo元素充足,N、P肥为大田该黄绵土种植油菜的主要限制因子,其次为S、B和Zn,土壤中不缺K,OPT中氮量适中。与OPT相比,减N、P、S、B和Zn油菜分别减产24.5%、27.1%、13.5%、16.8%和8.8%,而增加N用量则产量降低12.2%。推荐施肥N、P2O5、S、B、Zn分别为90、90、105、3.75、3.75kg·hm-2。盆栽诊断与大田平衡施肥间有很好的相关性,可用来指导大田试验。     

冷浸田双季稻品种和栽培方式比较研究

为了筛选适宜于冷浸田栽培的双季稻品种和高产栽培方式,2009年早晚两季在湖南宁乡县、永兴县和桃源县进行了大田栽培试验,结果表明:(1)双季稻产量及其构成因子品种间差异显著,3地点平均产量早稻以陆两优996最高(5.68 t/hm2),晚稻以天优华占最高(5.61 t/hm2);(2)双季稻不同栽培方式间产量差异显著,3地点平均产量均以垄厢栽培最高,早稻和晚稻分别为5.52 t/hm2和5.81 t/hm2;以传统栽培方式最低,平均产量分别为4.75 t/hm2和5.25 t/hm2。由此可见,选用适宜于冷浸田的双季稻品种,采用垄厢栽培方式有利于获得高产。     

双膜双被装配式日光温室在郑州地区的小气候测试

2020年11月1日-2021年2月28日,在河南郑州地区对冬春季双膜双被装配式日光温室内外温度、光照和湿度小气候进行测定,以探明其温光性能。在温室内外分别布置环境自动记录仪,每台记录仪均连接温湿度传感器和光照传感器,实现数据的自动监测与传输。结果表明：观测期内,温室内旬平均气温为11.4～21.4℃,旬平均最低气温为9.4～16.7℃;温室内0.1m深处旬平均土壤温度为15.4～22.9℃,旬平均最低土壤温度为15.0～22.1℃,温室内外最大气温差和土温差分别为17.0℃和15.6℃。全年最冷时段（1月上旬）温室外旬平均最低气温为−7.9℃,0.1m处土壤温度旬平均最低值为2.2℃,而此时段温室内旬平均最低气温和0.1m处土壤温度旬平均最低值分别达到9.9℃和15.8℃。11月−翌年2月,温室内光照度逐渐增大,晴天光照度在2000～22000lx,11月、12月、1月和2月晴天日平均透光率分别为42%、52%、49%和45%,12月透光率最高,不同月份透光率存在明显差异;阴天温室光照度在300～4000lx,各月阴天日平均透光率分别为34%、35%、36%和33%,透光率差异不明显。11月下旬−1月下旬,温室内夜间湿度为95.4%～99.0%,夜间叶片沾湿时长占比为89.1%～99.5%,温室内湿度大。观测结果说明双膜双被结构日光温室在黄淮地区冬春季具有较好的保温性能,有利于进行喜温果菜类的越冬生产,具有一定的推广应用价值,但是存在温室透光率偏低、光照弱等问题。     

饱和状态下黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀可蚀性和临界剪切应力特征

土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力是评价土壤易侵蚀程度和抗水流剪切变形能力的重要指标,目前在黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀过程中,土壤饱和条件下可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力的变化尚不明确。该研究采用室内土槽模拟冲刷试验确定不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°）和流量（2、4、8 L/min）下饱和黄绵土坡面的最大细沟剥蚀率,基于数值法、修正数值法和解析法计算土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力。结果表明,3种方法所得最大细沟剥蚀率均随坡度和流量增加而增大,其中修正数值法和解析法计算的最大细沟剥蚀率更接近。土壤可蚀性参数分别是0.485、0.283和0.268 s/m,土壤临界剪切应力分别为1.225、1.244和1.381 N/m2。修正数值法可提高数值法近似计算的精度,使近似计算结果更接近解析法计算获得的理论值。饱和较未饱和黄绵土的土壤可蚀性参数略有减小（16.83%）,而临界剪切应力减小了66.97%,表明土壤饱和对黄绵土土壤可蚀性参数影响很小,但大幅度削弱了土壤临界剪切应力,使得黄绵土坡面饱和后土壤侵蚀更为强烈。此外,饱和黄绵土边坡的临界剪切应力比饱和紫色土坡面大6.38%,而细沟可蚀性参数大2.35倍,表明土壤饱和对2种土壤临界剪切应力影响程度相似,但黄绵土较紫色土对土壤侵蚀的敏感性更高。研究结果可为饱和状态下不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀模型参数的优化提供参考。     

Determination of rill erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes

The hydrological conditions near the soil surface influence the soil erosion process, as determined by the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes were computed and compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. The detachment capacities computed through the numerical method (NM), modified numerical method (MNM) and analytical method (AM), from rill erosion experiments on saturated purple soil slopes at different flow rates (2, 4, and 8 L min^?1) and slope gradients (5, 10, 15, and 20°), were used to comparatively compute the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The computed soil erodibilities and critical shear stresses were also compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. At the different slope gradients ranging from 5° to 20°, there were no significant differences in the soil erodibilities of the saturated purple soil and also in those of the unsaturated purple soil. The critical shear stresses slightly varied with the slope gradients. The saturated purple soil was relatively significantly more susceptible to erosion. The NM overestimated the soil erodibility of both saturated and unsaturated soils by 31% and underestimated the critical shear stress. The MNM yielded the same soil erodibility and critical shear stress values as the AM. The results of this study supply parameters for modeling rill erosion of saturated purple soil slope.