施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻田土壤钾素表观平衡的互作效应

土壤酸化和钾素亏缺是制约南方酸性稻田生产力持续提升的重要因素。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是改良土壤酸化和补充钾素的有效措施,但二者对土壤钾素盈亏平衡的互作效应还不甚清楚。于2015—2018年,在江西省上高县开展施石灰和秸秆还田两因素田间定位试验,共设置4个处理:(1)秸秆不还田,不施石灰;(2)秸秆不还田,仅2015年施一次石灰;(3)每季秸秆全量还田,不施石灰;(4)每季秸秆全量还田,仅2015年施一次石灰。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高了水稻钾素吸收,施石灰仅显著增加了2016年晚稻钾素吸收。施石灰和秸秆还田仅对2016年晚稻钾素吸收有显著正向互作效应。在秸秆还田下,施石灰使2016年晚稻钾素吸收增加了25.7%;而在秸秆不还田下无显著影响。试验进行4年后,施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤全钾含量无显著影响。但4年土壤钾素表观平衡估算表明,在秸秆还田下土壤总累积钾素表观平衡表现为盈余,秸秆不还田下则为亏缺,而施石灰对其无显著影响。施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤总累积钾素表观平衡有显著的互作效应。在施石灰和不施石灰条件下,秸秆还田分别使土壤累积钾素平均表观盈余19.5 kg hm^–2 a...     

Structure liming enhances aggregate stability and gives varying crop responses on clayey soils

It has been suggested that liming can improve soil structure and thereby decrease losses of particles and associated nutrients. In this study, two types of structure lime, slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂) and a mixed product of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂), were applied at three different rates in field trials on clayey soils (23%–40% clay). A combination of primary tillage and structure liming was also studied, in a split-plot trial on a clayey soil (25% clay). Aggregate (2–5?mm) stability, measured as reduction in turbidity (which is strongly correlated with losses of particulate phosphorus), was significantly increased with the highest application rates of both structure lime products. Aggregate size distribution was also improved with structure lime, creating a finer tilth in the seedbed. Yield response to structure lime was not consistent, with both negative and positive responses over the four-year study period. Positive yield responses can possibly be attributed to the finer tilth preventing evaporation in two dry growing seasons. Negative yield responses were probably an effect of impaired phosphorus availability associated with limited precipitation in May-July in 2011 and 2013. Two years after liming, soil pH levels were significantly elevated in plots with the highest application rate of structure lime, whereas no significant increases were found three years after liming. However, a lingering effect of liming was still detectable, as manganese concentration in barley grain was significantly lower in plots with the highest application rates of both structure lime products in the fourth study year. These results indicate that structure liming can be used as a measure to mitigate phosphorus losses from clayey soils, thereby preventing eutrophication of nearby waters. However, the yield response was varying and unpredictable and thus further investigations are needed to determine the circumstances in which field liming can act efficiently not only to prevent phosphorus losses, but also to ensure consistent yield increases.     

Experimental study on eccentric compression behaviour of autoclaved flyash lime brick masonry

To study the eccentric compression performance of autoclaved flyash lime brick masonry, and validate the applicability of current code’s calculation method, static tests on 36 eccentrically loaded puncheons of standard autoclaved flyash lime solid brick and KP1 type perforated brick with circular holes masonry are carried out by applying eccentric load on the top of the specimens. The bearing capacity of eccentric compression is analyzed using plane section assumption and ideal stress/strain curve. The features and shapes during the process of failure are obtained and the eccentric compression impact factor formula is also obtained by regression analysis of experimental data. With eccentricity increasing, cracking load and failure load are gradually decreased, and the failure features gradually change into large eccentric compression from axial compression. Most test values of bearing capacity under eccentric compression are higher than code calculating values. The average strain distribution in the section is in accordance with the plane section assumption. The theoretical analysis method used is feasible, current code’s formula can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of flyash lime brick masonry under eccentric compression.     

蚯蚓处理石灰法造纸废水沉降物试验

以引进的大平２号蚯蚓及本地两种蚯蚓进行了不同品种蚯蚓处理石灰法造纸废水沉降底泥的饲养试验,结果表明：大平２号蚯蚓处理效果明显好于本地环毛蚓和异唇蚓,大平２号蚓单卵平均孵化４．４条,在底泥中从幼蚓长为成蚓约需６０ｄ,每天每克蚯蚓消耗底泥０．９７ｇ左右     

Effect of 46 years' application of fertilizers,FYM and lime on physical,chemical and biological properties of soil under maize–wheat system in an acid Alfisol of northwest Himalayas

Imbalanced fertilizer use with intensive cropping has threatened the sustainability of agroecosystems, especially on acid soils. An understanding of the long-term effects of fertilizers and amendments on soil health is essential for sustaining high crop yields. The effects of application of fertilizers, and amendments for 46 years on soil properties and maize yield in an acid Alfisol were investigated in this study. Ten fertilizer treatments comprising different amounts of NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM) and lime, and one control, were replicated three times in a randomized block design. At 0–15 cm soil depth, bulk density was least (1.20 t/m³), porosity (49.8%) and water holding capacity (61.7%) were greatest in 100% NPK + FYM, corresponding to the largest organic carbon content (13.93 g/kg). Microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in 100% NPK + FYM were 42% and 13.7% greater than 100% NPK, respectively. Available nutrients were significantly more with 100% NPK + FYM and 100% NPK + lime than control and other fertilizer treatments. At 15–30 cm depth, the effect of various treatments was comparable to the surface layer. Grain yield declined by 55% and 53% in 100% NPK(-S) and 100% NP, respectively, compared with 100% NPK, whereas 100% N as urea alone eventually led to crop failure. Soil porosity recorded the greatest positive correlation (r = .933**), whereas bulk density recorded a negative significant correlation (r = −.942**) with grain yield. The results suggest that integrated use of FYM/lime with chemical fertilizers is a sustainable practice in terms of crop yield and soil health, whereas continuous application of urea alone is detrimental to the soil health.     

Comparative growth of two peach seedling rootstocks under alkaline soil conditions

An almond X peach seed line, ‘Titan’ X Nemaguard (T X NG), which is tolerant to lime‐induced chlorosis, was compared to a susceptible seedling rootstock, Nemared, under alkaline conditions. The tolerant rootstock's growth was not affected by Fe stress, whereas the susceptible rootstock showed chlorosis which corresponded to approximately a 20% chlorophyll loss in the new foliage during the 18‐week stress period, a 62% decrease in shoot dry weight and a 22% decrease in plant height.     

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

河南省砂姜黑土土类和土属的数字制图研究

数字制图是近年来土壤学的研究热点,而将数字制图与砂姜黑土研究相结合,目前国内研究甚少。选取河南省为研究区,获取该区的气候、母质和地形信息,以土壤—景观定量模型,定量获取砂姜黑土土类属性与主要成土要素之间的相互关系,应用该模型来预测土类分布并制图。在土类图的基础上,根据土属高程分布差异,进一步预测土属分布并制图。结果表明,该方法在土类数字制图尺度上与调查结果重合度可达到80%以上,并且可弥补调查缺失地方,同时间接证明砂姜黑土的成土母质为石灰性母质,其差异部分表明人为、地表径流因素对砂姜黑土土类的分布具有重要的影响。在土属数字制图尺度上,与调查结果面积数量和分布趋势大体一致,具体空间分布难于比较,有待于景观模型进一步细化,还需更详细的地形和气候资料,这些可为砂姜黑土数字制图的下一步研究和完善提供指导。     

A Two-Factor Empirical Deterministic Response Surface Calibration Model for Site-Specific Predictions of Lime Requirement

This paper describes the development of an empirical deterministic two-factor response surface model for the Woodruff lime-requirement buffer (WRF). The model may be used to produce variable-rate lime requirement maps, or to predict lime requirements in real-time. Hence it may be suitable as a component of a decision support system (DSS) for the site-specific management of acid soil. The models' predictions were compared to those of a one-factor response surface, and those of a linear regression. The models tested were validated against soil-CaCO₃ incubations using a statistical jackknifing procedure for error and bias estimations. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to ascertain the best model in terms of goodness of fit and parsimony. The two-factor response surface model produced the best lime requirement estimates, followed by the single-factor model, then the conventional linear regression. The advantages of the response surface models are their improved prediction accuracy, and their flexibility in the choice of any target pH (from pH 5.5 to 7) without the need for excessive calibrations. The uncertainty of the model was assessed using data from an agricultural field in Kelso, New South Wales, Australia. Block kriged maps of soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl₂ (pH_CaCl2), WRF buffer pH (pH_buffer) and lime requirements to a target pH of 7 were produced, to compare their spatial distributions. Finally the economic and agronomic benefits of site-specific liming were considered.     

A Study on Plaster of Paris Made from Phosphogypsum

This paper deals with the purification of phosphogypsum by some processing such as washing with water, washing with lime milk, neutralization with lime and so on. It also covers the way to make plaster of Paris having good properties without washing. The result shows that the process of neutralization with lime is simple and the treated phosphogypsum can be used to produce the first grade of plaster.