密度与肥料运筹对迟播小麦产量和茎秆抗倒能力的影响

为给迟播小麦抗逆高产栽培提供参考,以扬麦23为材料,通过三因素裂区试验,设置2个密度水平（210×10⁴和270×10⁴株·hm^-2）、3个施氮水平(180、225和270 kg·hm^-2)和2个氮肥运筹比例（基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥分别为4∶2∶1∶3和6∶0∶2∶2）,研究了密度、氮肥用量及运筹比例对小麦产量、茎秆形态特性、化学成分以及抗倒能力的影响。结果表明,高密度（270×10⁴株·hm^-2）处理的平均产量高于低密度（210×10⁴株·hm^-2）处理,平均增产2.7%;低密度条件下,随施氮量的增加,产量上升,而高密度条件下则先增后降。增加播种密度会增加茎秆基部节间长度和株高,降低茎秆基部节间单位长度干重以及木质素含量,从而影响小麦的抗倒性能。减少氮肥施用量、基肥施用量和控制拔节期施肥比例均能够有效降低株高及茎秆基部节间长度,增加茎秆基部节间充实度,增强木质素合成关键酶活性,提高基部第二节间木质素的含量,从而提升小麦抗倒能力。因此迟播小麦采用270×10⁴株·hm^-2密度、225 kg·hm^-2施氮量、4∶2∶1∶3氮运筹比例有利于控制倒伏,同时获得较高的产量。     

株行配置对春玉米根冠空间分布及产量的影响

以先玉335为试验材料,设置7.50万株/hm2和9.75万株/hm2两个种植密度,60 cm+60 cm等行距和40 cm+80 cm宽窄行两个行距配置,比较株行配置对春玉米冠层、根系结构与功能及产量的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增加,果穗、茎鞘干重百分比垂直分布明显上移,叶片干重百分比在垂直分布变化较小,行距配置对果穗、茎鞘干重百分比在垂直分布上影响较小。相对于等行距种植,宽窄行种植叶片干重百分比有下移趋势,群体不同叶位叶面积指数也表现为同一密度下,宽窄行种植群体上层LAI较小,穗位叶高效叶层LAI较大;随密度增加,根重有纵向下移的趋势,根系TTC还原强度在不同土层深度都显著降低。同一密度下,宽窄行种植根重的垂直分布出现下移趋势,根系TTC还原强度略高于等行距种植。高密度条件下,宽窄行种植降低了玉米果穗秃尖长,显著增加果穗穗粒数,因而显著提高产量,增产2.73%~10.86%,说明在宁夏扬黄灌区较高种植密度下,采用宽窄行种植能优化不同叶层结构,适当增加深层土壤根系所占比例及活力,有利于获得高产。     

密肥组合对稻茬晚播小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响

为筛选适宜南方晚播稻茬中筋小麦高产高效栽培的密肥组合,以中筋小麦品种扬麦20为材料,研究了江苏淮南地区晚播(11月20日之后播种)条件下密度、施氮量、氮肥基追比对稻茬小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响.结果表明,晚播小麦密度与籽粒产量、效益均呈二次曲线关系,密度为315×104株·hm-2时,籽粒产量最高,达6 721.65～7 884.91 kg·hm-2,效益达3 783.6～5 111.55元·hm-2;施氮量为270 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量极显著高于施氯量210 kg· hm-2处理.在本试验条件下,基本苗为315×104株·hm-2、总施氮量270 kg·hm-2、基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶1∶3∶3时,晚播小麦的籽粒产量和效益最高.     

Distribution of light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon as related to land use and tillage practice

Mass distributions of different soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions are influenced by land use and management. Concentrations of C and N in light- and heavy fractions of bulk soils and aggregates in 0–20 cm were determined to evaluate the role of aggregation in SOC sequestration under conventional tillage (CT), no-till (NT), and forest treatments. Light- and heavy fractions of SOC were separated using 1.85 g mL⁻¹ sodium polytungstate solution. Soils under forest and NT preserved, respectively, 167% and 94% more light fraction than those under CT. The mass of light fraction decreased with an increase in soil depth, but significantly increased with an increase in aggregate size. C concentrations of light fraction in all aggregate classes were significantly higher under NT and forest than under CT. C concentrations in heavy fraction averaged 20, 10, and 8 g kg⁻¹ under forest, NT, and CT, respectively. Of the total SOC pool, heavy fraction C accounted for 76% in CT soils and 63% in forest and NT soils. These data suggest that there is a greater protection of SOC by aggregates in the light fraction of minimally disturbed soils than that of disturbed soil, and the SOC loss following conversion from forest to agriculture is attributed to reduction in C concentrations in both heavy and light fractions. In contrast, the SOC gain upon conversion from CT to NT is primarily attributed to an increase in C concentration in the light fraction.     

不同密度与施氮量对玉米品质的影响

采用二次饱和D最优设计方法,研究了不同密度、氮肥施用量对玉米品质的影响,结果表明：合理密植,增施氮肥,有利于提高玉米产量和改善玉米品质;通过模拟试验和优化选择,提出了玉米产量≥7500kg/hm2、粗淀粉≥65%、粗脂肪≥4.55%、粗蛋白质≥11.2%、赖氨酸≥0.33%、色氨酸≥0.075%的栽培措施,其相应的密度为53475~72435株/hm2,氮肥施用量为278.85~488.70kg/hm2。     

密度和追肥时期对重穗型冬小麦品种L906群体辐射和光合特性的调控效应

密度和追肥时期对重穗型高产冬小麦的群体发展,冠层辐射和光合特性有明显的调节效应.随着密度增加,开花前的叶面积指数(LAI)、群体净光合速率(NCP)、群体叶源量(CLSC)提高,但生育后期衰减较快;密度过高导致群体透光率下降,消光系数增加,单茎受光量降低,冠层光环境恶化,后期旗叶的羧化效率降低;密度过低则导致生育前期漏光损失     

低丘红壤有机碳库的密度及变异

在中国科学院红壤生态实验站,采样分析了不同利用方式下土壤有机C 库的密度及其变异。结果表明,低丘红壤有机C 的密度0 ~ 20cm为(2.09 0.69) kg/m2,0 ~ 100 cm为(5.01 1.46) kg/m2; 全N密度0 ~ 20 cm为(0.20 0.07) kg/m2, 0 ~ 100 cm为(0.59 0.14) kg/m2。从裸地到稀疏荒草地,0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度可以提高1.0 kg/m2和1.7 kg/m2;而从稀疏荒草地到人工林地或园地,0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度可以提高0.7 kg/m2和0.9 kg/m2;稀疏荒草地如果开垦利用为水田,经长期培肥达到高度熟化,则0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度可以提高2.3 kg/m2和4.4 kg/m2。即使不同类型的人工林地和园地之间,0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 的密度差异也可达到1.0 kg/m2和3.5 kg/m2。不同地形部位之间0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度差异达到1.3 kg/m2和2.9 kg/m2,全N密度差异达0.1 kg/m2和0.3 kg/m2;不同肥力水平之间0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度差异达到1.5 ~ 2.2 kg/m2和2.8 ~ 4.1 kg/m2,全N密度差异达0.07 ~ 0.11 kg/m2和0.20 ~ 0.23 kg/m2; 强烈侵蚀可以降低0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度1.4 kg/m2和2.2 kg/m2。因此,通过调整土地利用方式,可以提高土壤有机C 库密度,增     

关于土壤孔隙度测定的商榷

束缚水的密度>lgcm-3,而且在饱和水和毛管水中不能忽略束缚水占有的重量。1g最大束缚水占据的平均体积≈0.776cm3。因此,饱和水的克数不能视为毫升数,最大毛管水的克数也不能视为毫升数。如果把该克数视为毫升数,那么总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的测定将有不可接受的误差,而且测定结果高于真值。     

Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol

Reclamation of Brazilian cerrados (savannas) has been intensified in the last decades, with implications for soil quality and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Studying the impact of different tillage systems is essential to define better strategies for land use in Cerrado, which may favor C sequestration and improve soil quality. We used density fractionation and ¹³C natural abundance to assess changes in SOM in an Oxisol previously under a cerrado sensu-stricto following 30 years of cultivation. The objectives of the study were to: (i) evaluate the long-term impact of tillage systems on SOM stocks in a Dark Red Latosol (Oxisol) from the Cerrado Biome, and (ii) better understand the dynamics of SOM in different density fractions of this soil. Cultivation led to compaction, which significantly increased soil bulk density. This resulted in the systematic overestimation of C and N stocks in cultivated areas when compared to the natural cerrado. Conversion of the cerrado into cropland using plow tillage (PT) or no-tillage (NT) system did not alter the total C (100 Mg ha⁻¹) and N (7 Mg ha⁻¹) stocks in the first 45 cm depth at the end of 30 years of cultivation. However, about 22% of the total C was replaced by C from maize. The relative replacement of C decreased following the order: free light fraction (F-LF)>heavy fraction (HF)>occluded light fraction (O-LF). The low substitution in the O-LF was attributed to a possible presence of charcoal. Converting cerrado into cropland significantly decreased F-LF quantity. The proportions of C replacement in this fraction were higher in PT than NT, suggesting a faster turnover in PT. Nevertheless, because most C (95%) was held in the HF, C dynamics in the whole soil were controlled by the behavior of this fraction. The maintenance of C levels even at the end of 30 years of cultivation and the lack of differentiation between NT and PT were attributed to the high clay contents and Fe+Al oxi-hydroxides concentrations of the studied soil as well as to a sufficient C supply by the maize crop.     

种植密度、播期和施肥对西藏不同青稞品种籽粒灌浆特性影响

为了给西藏青稞高产栽培及新品种选育提供依据,选用不同种植密度、播期和施肥处理现有的4个主要青稞品种,通过田间试验研究不同品种籽粒灌浆过程。结果表明,不同青稞品种在不同种植密度、播期和施肥处理下的籽粒灌浆特征表现出相似性,4个品种的平均灌浆速率大小依次为‘藏青2000’＞‘藏青320’＞‘喜马拉雅22’＞‘藏青13’;播期、种植密度和施肥对青稞籽粒产量的影响作用力为：播期＞施肥＞种植密度;不同青稞品种灌浆期籽粒百粒干重均在3.54 g~6.71 g之间,所有试验处理平均百粒干重最高的是T1（播期为4月10日）处理的‘藏青2000’,达到5.8 g/百粒。综合分析表明,播期对4个青稞品种的灌浆特性和产量效益影响最为明显。因此,适时早播是青稞获得高产的关键。