华山松大小蠹和共生真菌分泌酶组成分析

对华山松大小蠹消化道和共生真菌胞外蛋白和酶类组成分析的结果表明 ,华山松大小蠹消化道和共生真菌胞外均可分泌多种酶类 ,其中华山松大小蠹消化道具自身分泌纤维素酶、酯酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的能力 ,但不具分泌漆酶等木质素分解酶的能力 ,因此 ,其虽然可以直接利用寄主华山松韧皮部和木质部边材组织内的纤维素、淀粉、多糖、酯类和蛋白等营养物质 ,但不能分解利用木质素类营养。而共生真菌除具有胞外分泌纤维素酶、酯酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的能力外 ,还能够在寄主华山松组织内木质素的诱导下分泌漆酶 ,以充分利用华山松韧皮部和木质部内纤维素、木质素、淀粉和脂类物质。此外 ,华山松大小蠹消化道和共生真菌胞外分泌的纤维素酶、酯酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶还存在结构和营养利用方面的差异。     

营林技术措施对红脂大小蠹控制效果研究

研究了停止割脂、封山育林、抚育管理、降低油松在林分中的比率4种营林技术措施对控制红脂大小蠹危害的影响。结果表明,停止割脂后第3年有虫株率下降42.72%、株均虫口减少49.37%,封山育林后第3年有虫株率下降78.68%、株均虫口减少54.89%,抚育措施对该虫的危害影响较小;混交林与纯林比较,当油松在林分结构中的比例低于40%时,第3年有虫株率下降5.91%~26.27%、株均虫口平均减少6.44%~34.62%。     

华山松大小蠹化学信息物质

在常温下(25℃)解剖华山松大小蠹(Dendroctonus armandi Tsai et Li)的雌、雄虫,以正己烷为溶剂提取华山松大小蠹的后肠和粪便挥发物,并进行GC-MS分析。结果表明:在室温状态下,雌虫后肠挥发物中含有23种物质,主要为萜酸类、萜烯类、雌雄甾类、醇类和醛类等;雄虫后肠中有25种,以有机酸(树脂型萜酸居多)、酯类化合物和萜烯类化合物为其主要成分;粪便中有33种,树脂型的萜酸最多。华山松大小蠹的化学活性物质以萜类化合物为主。     

应用磷化铝毒丸防治强大小蠹初探

利用虫道作熏蒸室 ,用磷化铝毒丸熏杀坑道内正在为害的强大小蠹 Dendroctonusvalens L e Conte,成虫死亡率可达 92 .5 % ,幼虫死亡率 95 .7%。     

红脂大小蠹雄性配偶选择行为及其对生殖的影响

为研究红脂大小蠹(Dendroctonus valens)雄性能否依据信息素对雌性进行选择,以及这种选择行为对生殖的影响,首先使用Y-型嗅觉仪验证这种选择行为,然后用玻璃夹板技术分析雄性对其选择(P)和未选择(NP)的雌性在求偶和交配行为上的差异,最后用木段接种技术研究雄性与P雌性和NP雌性配对后在坑道构筑、产卵和幼虫发育上的差异。结果表明,雄性对雌性有着显著的基于信息素的选择行为。在求偶和交配行为上,雄性对P雌性更易求偶成功,交配时间更长(P0.05)。当雄性和P雌性配对时,前10 d筑出更长的且更清洁的坑道(P0.05)。20 d时,P雌性后代中孵化幼虫占后代总数量的比例极显著高于NP雌性(P0.001)。30 d时,P雌性的幼虫质量极显著高于NP雌性(P0.001)。以上结果表明,红脂大小蠹存在基于信息素的雄性配偶选择行为,其对生殖产生显著影响。     

Nitrogen cycling following mountain pine beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine forests of Greater Yellowstone

Widespread bark beetle outbreaks are currently affecting multiple conifer forest types throughout western North America, yet many ecosystem-level consequences of this disturbance are poorly understood. We quantified the effect of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak on nitrogen (N) cycling through litter, soil, and vegetation in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (WY, USA) across a 0-30 year chronosequence of time-since-beetle disturbance. Recent (1-4 years) bark beetle disturbance increased total litter depth and N concentration in needle litter relative to undisturbed stands, and soils in recently disturbed stands were cooler with greater rates of net N mineralization and nitrification than undisturbed sites. Thirty years after beetle outbreak, needle litter N concentration remained elevated; however total litter N concentration, total litter mass, and soil N pools and fluxes were not different from undisturbed stands. Canopy N pool size declined 58% in recent outbreaks, and remained 48% lower than undisturbed in 30-year old outbreaks. Foliar N concentrations in unattacked lodgepole pine trees and an understory sedge were positively correlated with net N mineralization in soils across the chronosequence. Bark beetle disturbance altered N cycling through the litter, soil, and vegetation of lodgepole pine forests, but changes in soil N cycling were less severe than those observed following stand replacing fire. Several lines of evidence suggest the potential for N leaching is low following bark beetle disturbance in lodgepole pine.     

Recent infestation of forest stands by spruce beetles does not predict habitat use by little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in southwestern Yukon, Canada

Insect outbreaks affect forest structure which may have significant effects on the habitat of other animals. Forest-dwelling insectivorous bats are likely affected by associated changes in the abundance of roost trees and insect prey, altered foraging and flying efficiency, and predation risk. We examined the short-term effects (3-13 years post-infestation) of an outbreak of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis) on the habitat use of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in the boreal forest of the southwestern Yukon, Canada. We measured bat activity, using Anabat II bat detectors, in 90 forested stands that had experienced from 0 to 90% tree mortality due to spruce beetles. We used generalized linear models to assess whether bat activity varied with tree mortality, season, tree density, canopy closure, or distance to the nearest lake or town. Bat activity did not vary significantly with tree mortality, season, or canopy closure, but decreased with increasing tree density. Bat activity was significantly greater in areas close to both the nearest lake and nearest town, and was low in areas that were far from either. Our results indicate that in the short-term, habitat use by little brown bats was not related to the severity of spruce beetle infestation, but suggest that in the long-term, bats may be positively affected by decreased tree density as beetle-killed trees fall down.     

Bark Beetle Demography in a Jeffrey Pine Stand as Influenced by Mechanized Thinning and Prescribed Fire

Forest thinnings implemented with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting systems followed by underburning were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle prevalence in pure, uneven-aged Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) interspersed with isolated California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.). Based on pitch tube counts in a stand with a moderate bark beetle population in its pine component, the Jeffrey pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopkins) generally preferred larger trees before treatment implementation, but after exhibiting mixed pretreatment tendencies concerning stand density demonstrated a posttreatment proclivity toward higher density. Cut-to-length thinning followed by underburning increased the pine beetle population while whole-tree thinning unaccompanied by burning reduced it. Tree mortality was induced by the bark beetle infestation but was not its sole cause. Pitch tube abundance on white fir far exceeded that on Jeffrey pine, and the greatest influence on the fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) population was the prevalence of its host tree. The responses presented herein to these thinning and burning practices, which are being increasingly utilized in forest restoration efforts in the western USA, provide natural resource managers insight into potential forest health outcomes when implemented in Jeffrey pine and similar dry site forest types.     

坡向与坡度对红脂大小蠹发生的影响

对红脂大小蠹的发生与坡度及坡向的关系进行了研究。结果表明,对于不同坡向来说,山顶受害程度最重,被害率达到了40.89%;而对于不同坡度来说,红脂大小蠹的危害差异显著,缓坡和陡坡的被害率分别达到了17.79%和14.98%,缓坡危害程度大于陡坡。