重寄生菌——白粉寄生孢研究

在陕西等地二年调查研究中发现了17株自然寄生白粉菌的白粉寄生孢(Ampelomyces quisqualis,AQ)菌株，于室内对部分菌株分离物培养特征进行了观察和测定，不同分离菌株特性差异显著，可能属于不同类群，在温室中用白粉寄生孢不同菌株分生孢子悬浮液接种黄瓜白粉病菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)结果表明，在选择压较大时，其均能显著寄生黄瓜白粉，但未能有效控制其扩展。     

外生菌根菌对红松苗木生长的影响

采用沟施接种方法对3年生红松苗木进行野外单接种及混合接种的试验结果表明：菌株010和菌株025为供试菌株中对红松苗木生长促进效果最佳的菌株,与对照相比,高生长分别提高19．57％和17．04％,地径生长分别提高13．64％和15．91％。接种菌株组合GT001／GT005的苗木高生长仅比对照提高3．80％,其他3个菌株组合的高生长均低于对照;地径生长与对照相比提高0～9．10％。与单接种相比,仅接种菌株组合GT001／GT005苗木的高生长高于单接种菌株GT001和菌株GT005的苗木;接种菌株组合044／009苗木的地径生长介于单接种菌株044和菌株009的苗木之间,而接种其他3个菌株组合苗木的地径生长均低于各自单接种的苗木。     

基于PCR的两步法丝状真菌基因敲除方法

基因敲除是研究真菌基因功能的重要方法之一,目前,丝状真菌敲除多采用基因两侧的同源臂对基因组的靶标进行同源替换,然后采用抗生素对转化子进行筛选,但这存在着筛选效率低、假阳性率高、操作复杂等问题。本研究以稻瘟菌为研究对象,采取以下步骤对此进行优化:1)构建HPH-GFP(潮霉素-绿色荧光蛋白)融合表达载体; 2)分别用带有接头序列的引物克隆待敲除基因上、下游片段; 3)克隆上、下游片段与HPH-GFP组成嵌合体片段; 4)嵌合体片段转化真菌原生质体; 5)对敲除突变体进行筛选。结果表明,该法操作简便、高效,除了用潮霉素HPH作为筛选标记外,还可用GFP作为荧光筛选标记,极大提高了筛选效率,可用作丝状真菌基因功能研究。     

竹林套种竹荪生态栽培技术研究与效益评价

试验研究了不同竹林郁闭度(郁闭度分别为0.6、0.7、0.8和0.9)、竹荪品种(长裙竹荪D89和D1)和竹林类型(散生竹和丛生竹)对林下竹荪生长及经济效益的影响。结果表明:竹林郁闭度对林下竹荪生长的影响极为显著,以郁闭度为0.7的竹林竹荪生长最好,出荪期达2个多月,产量达41.0 kg/667 m²,净利润为9 120元/667 m²;竹林套种不同品种的竹荪其产量和经济效益差异不明显;不同类型的竹林对于竹荪产量及经济效益的影响也不明显。因此,竹林适宜于套种竹荪,同时竹林套种竹荪还可带来减少环境污染、增加就业岗位以及促进竹林可持续经营等多重效益。     

基于高通量测序白及根部内生真菌的物种组成分析

从云南省南华县采集不同地理位置的白及植株样品共3个（HCN 1、HCN 2、HCN 3）,并记录和采集样品区域的生境和根部土壤。通过高通量测序技术,分析白及根部内生真菌物种组成差异,进而对白及根部内生真菌中有益菌株进行筛选。研究表明：Phyllosticta sp.,Erysiphe sp.,Podosphaera sp.,Glomerella cingulata,Aspergillus sp.,Rhodosporidium diobovatum,Sterigmatomyces halophilus在各采样点的物种组成差异明显。白及根部内生真菌中,Phyllosticta sp.,Erysiphe sp.,Podosphaera sp.,Glomerella cingulata是病原菌,Aspergillus sp.,Rhodosporidium diobovatum,Sterigmatomyces halophilus是已明确的生防菌,白及植株根部并未表现出明显的患病特征,与同时存在具有生防功能的菌属丰度之间有着密切联系。采样距离、地理位置差异、土壤理化性质均是引起白及根部内生真菌组成差异的影响因子,其中土壤理化性质是白及根部内生真菌物种组成差异的主要影响因素。     

Can Some Marine-Derived Fungal Metabolites Become Actual Anticancer Agents?

Marine fungi are known to produce structurally unique secondary metabolites, and more than 1000 marine fungal-derived metabolites have already been reported. Despite the absence of marine fungal-derived metabolites in the current clinical pipeline, dozens of them have been classified as potential chemotherapy candidates because of their anticancer activity. Over the last decade, several comprehensive reviews have covered the potential anticancer activity of marine fungal-derived metabolites. However, these reviews consider the term “cytotoxicity” to be synonymous with “anticancer agent”, which is not actually true. Indeed, a cytotoxic compound is by definition a poisonous compound. To become a potential anticancer agent, a cytotoxic compound must at least display (i) selectivity between normal and cancer cells (ii) activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells; and (iii) a preferentially non-apoptotic cell death mechanism, as it is now well known that a high proportion of cancer cells that resist chemotherapy are in fact apoptosis-resistant cancer cells against which pro-apoptotic drugs have more than limited efficacy. The present review thus focuses on the cytotoxic marine fungal-derived metabolites whose ability to kill cancer cells has been reported in the literature. Particular attention is paid to the compounds that kill cancer cells through non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms.     

中草药提取物对蔬菜两种采后病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

以灰葡萄孢菌和链格孢菌为供试病菌,采用生长速率法和培养板连续稀释法在离体条件下研究了木香、决明子等16种中草药提取物抑菌活性,对其效果较好的中草药提取物最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)进行了初步确定。试验结果显示,北豆根与黄柏在质量浓度为10.0mg/mL时,对两种病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制率均高于60%。它们对灰葡萄孢菌的最小抑菌浓度MIC依次是12.5,25mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度浓度MFC分别为:25,50mg/mL;对链格孢菌的MIC分别是6.25,12.5mg/mL,MFC都高于MIC两倍,分别是12.5,25mg/mL。     

财税激励政策助推食用菌企业转型升级

针对食用菌产业中出现的菌种选取不精,产量过剩,加工发展缓慢和环境污染以及技术创新力度不足等问题,政府相关部门应出台一系列的财税激励政策,重点推进食用菌产业全面的转型升级,切实提高食用菌产业的经济效益。通过分析食用菌产业发展的市场状况,总结食用菌产业转型升级的限制因素,为加快企业转型升级提出相应的财税激励政策建议,以推动食用菌产业的创新发展。     

Indirect host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungi: Leaf fall and litter quality explain changes in fungal communities on the roots of co-occurring Mediterranean oaks

Host trees can modify their soil abiotic conditions through their leaf fall quality which in turn may influence the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community composition. We investigated this indirect interaction using a causal modelling approach. We identified ECM fungi on the roots of two coexisting oak species growing in two forests in southern Spain - Quercus suber (evergreen) and Quercus canariensis (winter deciduous)-using a PCR-based molecular method. We also analysed the leaf fall, litter and soil sampled beneath the tree canopies to determine the concentrations of key nutrients. The total mycorrhizal pool was comprised of 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Tomentella and Russula were the most species-rich, frequent and abundant genera. ECM fungi with epigeous and resupinate fruiting bodies were found in 60% and 34% of the identified mycorrhizas, respectively. The calcium content of litter, which was significantly higher beneath the winter-deciduous oak species due to differences in leaf fall quality, was the most important variable for explaining ECM species distribution. The evaluation of alternative causal models by the d-sep method revealed that only those considering indirect leaf fall-mediated host effects statistically matched the observed covariation patterns between host, environment (litter, topsoil, subsoil) and fungal community variables.     

热处理对葡萄休眠枝条携带真菌脱除及萌芽和生根的影响

以采自北京的2个葡萄品种为材料,对插条内真菌的种类进行了检验,探索了通过热处理脱除插条中潜在病原真菌的方法,观察统计了不同温度和持续时间的水浴热处理对插条萌芽生根的影响。结果表明:从处于生理休眠期和环境休眠期的2个葡萄品种的4份插条样品中均检出了葡萄座腔菌属和链格孢属真菌,其他检出的主要真菌还包括:镰刀菌属和胶孢炭疽菌属真菌等。对葡萄插条进行40℃水浴0.5~5.0h,不能达到脱菌的效果,60℃水浴0.5h则会使葡萄插条的萌芽率降为0,50℃水浴,时间持续0.5~5.0h均能将插条内的真菌完全脱除,这个处理条件对处于生理休眠期的插条,还具有明显提高萌芽率和生根率的作用,有利于冬季和早春葡萄提早育苗。研究结果为脱除葡萄插条中的潜在病原真菌,保证葡萄苗木起始材料的卫生健康,提供了可行的方法。