醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃液真菌多样性的影响

本试验旨在运用高通量测序方法研究醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃液真菌多样性的影响。选取8只健康、体重为(49.13±4.70)kg、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的哈萨克羊母羊,随机分为2组,分别为对照组和试验组,每组4只。试验期对照组绵羊饲喂基础饲粮;试验组绵羊第1~26天在基础饲粮中添加600 mg/(d只)醋酸棉酚,在第27~47天醋酸棉酚添加量增加至1200mg/(d只)。采集试验期正试期第1、20、37和47天瘤胃液样品,运用Illumina Hiseq平台测序分析绵羊瘤胃液真菌变化。结果显示:1)由样品物种稀释曲线和累积曲线可以看出,测序深度已经覆盖了瘤胃液样品中大部分的真菌。2)第1、20、47天,试验组与对照组相比瘤胃液真菌的Alpha多样性指数差异不显著(P>0.05);第37天时,试验组瘤胃液真菌的Shannon和Simpson指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)主坐标分析图显示,试验组与对照组瘤胃液真菌样品聚集在一起。4)在属水平上,第20和37天,试验组瘤胃液真菌区系中毛霉菌属(Mucor)相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。第47天,试验组绵羊瘤胃液真菌区系中Metschnikowia相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,低浓度醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃液真菌多样性无明显影响,醋酸棉酚浓度增加至1200mg/(d只)时,Simpson和Shannon指数显著升高;醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃液真菌主要优势菌属组成无显著影响。     

Screening and Identification of Laccase Fungi in Alpine Meadow北大核心CSCD

Nine strains of fungi that isolated from alpine meadow were used as research objects. The laccase-producing strains were identified by rDNA-ITS method. According to the strains, guaiacol, anthrone, catechol and neighbors were identified. Growth on selective medium of toluidine, o-toluidine, crnaphthol, benzidine, gallic acid as substrate, colony size, size of the color circle produced by laccase-catalyzed redox reaction, and the degree of color depth, the laccase-producing fungus is firstly screened, and the laccase activity is determined by the liquid-producing enzyme fermentation method using ABTS as a substrate for re-screening. The results showed that strain 1. 9 was Uncultured fungus clone. 2. la was Scytalidium, 310b was Marasmius tricolor, 2.1c was Saccharicola, 2. 3a was fungal sp, 2. 4d was Saccharicola. 10a was Marasmiusrotalis, 3. 7c was Alternaria. WB was Verticilliumlongisporum. The screening results showed that except for strain 3. 7c, the other 8 strains basically produced oxidative bands on the culture medium with guaiacol, anthrone, ortho-toluidine and benzidine as substrates, and cultured in gallic acid substrate. No oxidative bands were produced on the culture medium; strains 1. 9, 2. la, 310b, 2. 4d, 10a, 2. lc, and 2. 3a all had laccase activity, and strain 310b had stronger laccase activity than the other strains. © 2019 China Agricultural University. All rights reserved.     

Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of blastomycosis in dogs and cats

Blastomycosis is one of the most common systemic fungal diseases in dogs in North America, but it is rarely diagnosed in cats. The typical route of infection is inhalation of aerosolized conidia of Blastomyces dermatitidis. From the respiratory tract, the developing yeast form may disseminate throughout the body and affect multiple organ systems, most commonly the lymphatic, skeletal and central nervous systems, eyes and skin. Disseminated disease often is associated with nonspecific signs of illness including lethargy, inappetence and fever, as well as signs referable to specific organ systems like chronic cough and dyspnea, peripheral lymphadenopathy, endophthalmitis, and central nervous signs. Diagnosis is typically made by detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast in affected tissues by fine-needle aspiration cytology or histopathology. The treatment of choice is itraconazole. Prognosis is fair in dogs without central nervous disease and guarded in cats.     

AM真菌对紫花苜蓿应答蚜虫胁迫的影响

紫花苜蓿是优质的多年生豆科牧草,广泛种植于世界各地。豌豆蚜是紫花苜蓿的主要害虫之一,其不仅可危害植物生长,还会传播多种植物病害,从而降低牧草产量和品质,造成巨大的经济损失。丛枝菌根(AM)真菌可与80%的陆生植物根系共生形成互惠共生的菌根结构,其可促进植物对矿物营养的吸收,增强植株抗逆性。以紫花苜蓿为材料,探究AM真菌对植物应答豌豆蚜胁迫的生化机理。结果表明,AM真菌可以通过促进植物生长和养分吸收,改变植株防御性酶活性以及植物激素信号物质含量来调控植物自身对蚜虫的响应。2种AM真菌根内球囊霉和幼套球囊霉均显著提高了紫花苜蓿生物量、分枝数和植株N、P含量(P<0.05)。此外,根内球囊霉显著提高了植物过氧化物酶(POD)活性,且蚜虫处理下,较不接菌处理,根内球囊霉植株的POD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及激素信号物质水杨酸(SA)含量均显著增加(P<0.05)。在蚜虫处理下,相比不接菌处理,幼套球囊霉显著增强了植株POD活性(P<0.05)。蚜虫取食显著提高了植株SA含量,降低了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05);且接种AM真菌后,蚜虫处理下的根系POD活性和SA含量提升程度更大,表明AM真菌可抑制蚜虫对植株造成的负效应。     

丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌防控植物真菌病害的研究进展

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌和根瘤菌均可在一定程度上减轻植物病害的发生,提高植物生物量。AM真菌提高寄主植物的抗病机理包括:改善寄主营养状况、补偿作用、改变根系形态、与病原菌竞争侵染位点和寄主光合作用产物、改变根际微生物区系以及激活寄主防御机制。根瘤菌防病机理可归纳为:寄主生理生化的变化、根系形态改变和寄主防御机制激活。AM真菌和根瘤菌两者相互作用,可更好地防控植物病害。本文归纳了国内外AM真菌和根瘤菌对植物抗病性的影响及机理,同时展望了两者在生防中的应用前景。     

Histoplasmosis in dogs and cats

Histoplasma capsulatum is endemic throughout most of the United States with a high prevalence of infections in the Midwest and South. Histoplasmosis is the second most common systemic fungal disease in cats that may be more susceptible than dogs. Infection occurs by inhalation of conidia from the mycelial phase, which subsequently convert to the yeast form. Histoplasma capsulatum is phagocytized and harbored by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Infection may be subclinical or cause clinical pulmonary granulomatous disease or dissemination. Disseminated disease predominantly affects the liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, bone and bone marrow, integument, and eyes. Primary gastrointestinal histoplasmosis also occurs. Clinical signs of histoplasmosis often are nonspecific, including chronic wasting, fever, anorexia, respiratory signs, and lameness. Gastrointestinal signs (eg, diarrhea with hematochezia or melena) are common in dogs. The definitive diagnosis is made by identification of the yeast in tissue samples. Itraconazole is the treatment of choice.     

AM真菌对NaCl胁迫下滨梅（Prunus maritima）苗生长和营养元素吸收的影响

在温室条件下分别接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、透光球囊霉G.diaphanum和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum,来观察盐胁迫下滨梅的生长反应。结果表明接种了AM真菌的滨梅与对照相比显著增加了滨梅幼苗的生长。接种了摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum的滨梅幼苗所含的干物质总量分别高出对照47%和43%,总叶面积分别高出对照36%和35%。NaCl胁迫下接种AM真菌的滨梅幼苗叶中所有养分含量除了Fe都表现出相互作用,方差分析的结果显著;摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum在提高滨梅苗的抗盐能力上比透光球囊霉G.diaphanum更有效。实验结果表明接种特定的AM真菌能够缓解土壤盐胁迫对滨梅的伤害反应。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用方式对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白分布的影响

为了明确衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用方式球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白土层分布模式及其影响因素,本试验选取自然恢复地、草地、灌草地、灌丛地和乔灌地5种不同土地利用方式样地,采集各样地0~10,10~20,20~40 cm土层土样,测定了土样球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白、土壤容重、土壤有机碳、全氮、C/N比、速效磷、土壤pH和土壤蛋白酶活性。结果表明：球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量为1.73~3.78 mg·g^-1,占土壤有机碳含量的14.05%~22.08%,是土壤一个重要碳库;球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白在不同土地利用方式和土层剖面之间差异显著;相关性分析表明球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与土壤有机碳、全氮、C/N比、土壤蛋白酶、速效磷、土壤容重、土壤pH有显著相关性。研究结果表明,球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白是丛枝菌根真菌生长状况和土壤生态系统波动的一个重要指标。     

捕食线虫性真菌的分离培养及分布规律

对自然界中的捕食线虫性真菌进行了分离和种属区分，并对分布规律进行了研究。从土壤、粪便等材料中获得了2类活性较强的捕食线虫性菌株：即套捕型(hooping)捕食线虫性真菌和粘捕型(sticking)捕食线虫性真菌。主要的代表种类有3种。这些捕食线虫性真菌在捕食性结构分生孢子形态及某些生物学特性上有一定差异。套捕型捕食线虫性真菌代表种为少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospara)和梨形指环菌(Dactylaria pyriformis)，它们以菌环、菌网作为捕食性结构(器官)，以套捕方式杀灭线虫幼虫。梨形指环菌可产生多量厚垣孢子(chlamyalospore)。粘捕型捕食线虫性真菌代表种为纺锤隔指孢菌(Dactylella ellipsospora)。可形成菌结捕食线虫性结构，以粘捕的方式杀灭线虫幼虫。结果表明：捕食线虫性真菌在土壤和家畜粪便中的分离率是40．41％；此类菌适合于生存在阴暗、潮湿、富含腐植质的环境中。在温暖季节时，采用0．4g／L玉米粉琼脂培养基(CMA)易于对其进行分离培养。