基于计曲线的DEM生成与地形分析——以在黄土高原的试验为例

数字高程模型(DEM)是水土流失监测与水土保持中地形分析不可缺少的空间数据，但是，目前国家测绘部门1：1万比例尺DEM的完成尚待时日。提出了利用计曲线快速生成DEM的技术方法，并以黄土丘陵区为试验样区，评定其精度特征与应用适宜性。实验结果表明，该方法生成的DEM同首曲线数字化生成的DEM相比，建立的效率大为提高，精度有保证，能够满足黄土高原地区一般地形分析的需要，不失为一种快速、简洁、有效的技术方法。     

Application of high-resolution melting curve analysis for typing of fowl adenoviruses in field cases of inclusion body hepatitis

Objective Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) cause inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens. In this study, clinical cases of IBH from Australian broiler flocks were screened for the presence and genotype of FAdVs. Methods Twenty‐six IBH cases from commercial poultry farms were screened. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with high‐resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis (PCR/HRM genotyping) was used to determine the presence and genotype of FAdVs. For comparison, field isolates were also assessed by virus microneutralisation and nucleotide sequence analysis of the hexon loop 1 (Hex L1) gene. PCR detection of chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was also employed. Results FAdV‐8b and FAdV‐11 were identified in 13 cases each. In one case, FAdV‐1 was also identified. Cross‐neutralisation was observed between the FAdV‐11 field strain and the reference FAdV‐2 and 11 antisera, a result also seen with the type 2 and 11 reference FAdVs. Field strains 1 and 8b were neutralised only by their respective type antisera. The FAdV‐8b field strain was identical to the Australian FAdV vaccine strain (type 8b) in the Hex L1 region. The Hex L1 sequence of the FAdV‐11 field strain had the highest identity to FAdV‐11 (93.2%) and FAdV‐2 (92.7%) reference strains. In the five cases tested for CAV and IBDV, neither virus was detected. The evidence suggested the presence of sufficient antibodies against CAV and IBD in the parent flocks and there was no indication of immunosuppression caused by these viruses. Conclusion These results indicate that PCR/HRM genotyping is a reliable diagnostic method for FAdV identification and is more rapid than virus neutralisation and direct sequence analysis. Furthermore, they suggest that IBH in Australian broiler flocks is a primary disease resulting from two alternative FAdV strains from different species.     

微地形DEM的最佳点云密度选取

[目的]通过对微地形DEM的最佳点云密度进行分析研究,从中选取出最佳点云密度,以实现高效、快速获取地表微地形观测结果的目的,既可降低计算成本,又能够保证观测精度。[方法]通过对多个扫描测次的点云数据进行深入的研究,确定出针对该数据最佳DEM水平分辨率为4mm,对原数据进行7种等级的压缩生成对应的DEM。采用平均误差、中误差、标准差3种最常见的DEM精度指标对生成的DEM进行精度评价分析。[结果](1)在点云压缩程度15%时,随着点云密度的减小,平均误差基本没有变化,维持在极低的数值上;点云压缩程度15%时,平均误差随着点云密度的减小而迅速的增大。(2)在点云压缩程度10%时,随着点云密度的减小,标准差基本没有变化;点云压缩程度10%时,标准差随着点云密度的减小而迅速增大。(3)在点云压缩程度20%时,随着点云密度的减小,中误差基本没有变化,维持在极低的数值上;点云压缩程度20%时,中误差随着点云密度的减小而迅速的增大。[结论]对比验证分析结果表明,20%的点云压缩密度为生成微地形DEM最佳的点云密度。     

基于GIS和Logistic模型的香榧生态适宜性评价

研究香榧栽培的生态适宜性将为香榧的引种、扩种和区划提供理论依据。该研究在GIS支持下,以地学数据库为基础,以logistic 回归模型为手段,利用高分辨率遥感影像、数字高程模型以及土壤、气象和实地调查等资料对研究区香榧生态适宜性开展精确评价。研究结果表明,香榧栽培高度适宜区和中度适宜区累计占总面积的61.7%,其中高度适宜区面积达183 hm2,占总面积的11.4%,说明研究区香榧栽培发展潜力巨大。该评价结果为当地香榧资源产业化发展提供了科学依据。     

基于热平衡法检测植物茎流传感器的标定

植物茎杆的茎流量是植物重要的生理信息之一,该文主要是对基于热平衡法的植物茎流传感器进行标定试验的研究,通过标定试验,测试了茎流检测装置的性能。试验结果表明,计算出传感器输出值与茎流量有很高的决定系数R2=0.96～0.97,分辨率为1×10-3 g/min,精度为±3%。因此参照标定试验,可以较准确地获取植株茎流速率,进而可以反映出植物的蒸腾及需水状态信息,并据此可以为植物生长环境的调控、节水灌溉等提供有效的监测工具。     

西北旱区石羊河流域作物耗水点面尺度转化方法的研究

基于DEM与GIS空间分析功能研究了石羊河流域主要农作物春小麦需水量ET_c的时空分异规律。根据8个气象站近50年气象资料,应用1998年FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET₀,由收集到的春小麦需水量试验资料获得多年平均作物系数K_c。近50年来流域上游的古浪、天祝春小麦全生育期ET_c呈微弱的增加趋势,中游的凉州区表现出极显著的减少趋势,其他站减少趋势不显著。确立了ET_c与海拔高度、纬度、坡向的多元回归关系,借助Arcview3.3、ArcGIS9.0与Visual Basic6.0软件实现了春小麦ET_c的空间尺度转换,并分析了石羊河流域25%、50%、75%三个不同水文年春小麦ET_c的空间变异情况。石羊河流域春小麦ET_c由山区向绿洲平原递增,多年平均值为270～591 mm。估计值与计算值相差在11.1%以内。     

DEM内插算法对坡度坡向的影响

虽然DEM的应用越来越广泛,但是在实际研究运用中获取DEM的方式主要是利用各种矢量高程信息通过插值而来,不同的插值算法必然会影响DEM分析的结果;以南方丘陵地区为研究区域,利用样区的1∶10000的矢量地形图为数据源,通过对不同算法生成不同分辨率的DEM坡度、坡向的对比研究发现:在坡度小于30°时,不同的算法对坡度具有显著的影响,而大于30°时分辨率和算法均不会对坡度产生显著影响;研究表明:在具有大量平坦区域的地区,尽管ANUDEM算法生成的DEM总体上的精度最高,但是不会产生平坦区域,所以并不适合于这类地区的地形分析。     

基于GIS的接坝山地太阳直接辐射空间分布规律研究

基于ViewGIS下的太阳直接辐射模拟计算功能,以河北省丰宁满族自治县小坝子乡为例,对该地区太阳直接辐射空间分布规律进行了研究,以期为当地的区域规划和生态环境建设提供基础资料和科学依据。通过DEM模拟计算太阳直接辐射的方法和原理,结合ViewGIS系统建立的数据库进行统计分析。结果表明,地貌对太阳直接辐射分布的影响比较明显,太阳直接辐射随海拔高度升高而增大;太阳直接辐射随坡度的增加逐渐递减;一年中各月份太阳直接辐射随坡向的变化规律为：阳坡〉半阳坡〉半阴坡〉阴坡。     

基于DEM的甘肃省地貌形态特征分类

[目的]分析微观尺度上的地貌分类指标,为甘肃省的水土流失、地质灾害防治以及农业规划决策提供数据支持。[方法]利用甘肃省DEM数据,通过窗口递增分析、均值变点分析、叠加分析、水系盒维数检验等方法,得到甘肃省地貌形态特征分类试验的最佳分析窗口以及甘肃省地貌形态特征分类结果。[结果](1)利用均值变点分析得到甘肃省DEM分类试验的最佳分析窗口为29×29。(2)根据分类指标体系,结合地表起伏度、地表切割度、地形位置指数(TPI)因子将甘肃省地貌形态分为13类。[结论]提取研究区内5个小流域对得到的甘肃省地貌形态特征分类结果进行了检验,分类结果符合实际情况。构建的甘肃省地貌形态特征的分类指标体系实现了甘肃省地貌形态特征分类试验。     

Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to identify the most important DEM attributes for digital soil mapping applications

Topography has an important influence on the distribution of soils and their properties, especially in hilly lands, and related data are easily available, measurable and recognizable from digital elevation models (DEMs). To our knowledge, little attention has previously been paid to the effect of DEM attributes on the distribution of soils, using ordination methods. The objective of this study was to analyze relationships between topographical properties derived from DEM and soil distribution and to discuss their applicability in Digital Soil Mapping (DSM). The study was carried out in the Borujen area of central Zagros, Iran. A total of 13 plots (each one of 6.75 ha) were set up to calculate the percentages of the dominant soil series. Fifteen DEM attributes, including slope, aspect, curvature, maximum and minimum curvature, planform curvature, profile curvature, tangent curvature, wetness index, power index, sediment index, area solar radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation and direct duration were also computed. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to summarize the data set and to evaluate the expected relationships. The results obtained show that there was a relatively strong correspondence between soils' series distribution and topographical properties. The DEM attributes that best related to the first axis were maximum curvature, slope and sediment index, all of which significantly positive correlated, and wetness index, direct duration and minimum curvature, all of which were negatively related. The second axis showed a negative trend with wetness index, direct duration and aspect, and a positive trend with sediment index and slope. These gradients were closely related to the first three canonical axes and explained 71.8% of the total variance of the soil series. The residual variance (28.2% of the total variance) was related to other soil forming factors, like parent material and vegetation cover, which were not investigated in this study. Considering that DEMs are still the most important source of environmental information, understanding the role of topographical factors in a region should help us to identify soils and their properties better and enable us to apply these derivates as input data in DSM.