光周期和温度对苹果蠹蛾滞育诱导的影响

为探讨光周期和温度对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella滞育诱导的影响,通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期、温度诱导条件及滞育的敏感光照虫期进行了研究。结果表明:20℃时,光照时间短于12 h,苹果蠹蛾的滞育率可达到100%;25℃时,光周期为L 8∶D 16时滞育率最高,为98.3%;30℃时,光照时间少于10 h,苹果蠹蛾的滞育率可达85%以上。在20、25和30℃条件下,幼虫滞育的临界日长分别为14.21、13.68和13.73 h。苹果蠹蛾对光照反应有2个最敏感时期,即幼虫初孵化阶段和预蛹期阶段,卵期对光照反应不敏感。表明苹果蠹蛾是一种典型的短日照滞育型种类,光周期、温度及其交互作用均对其滞育诱导具有重要影响,其中光周期占主导作用,温度随着光周期起作用,低温对滞育诱导有很好的促进作用。     

Effects of repeated and delayed exposure to codling moth eggs on reproduction of Trichogramma cacoeciae and T. principium (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) females

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of repeated and delayed exposure to fresh codling moth eggs on the parasitism of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principium Sug. et Sor. The percentage survival of T. cacoeciae and T. principium females significantly declined as the number of exposure times increased (or as the females became older). The highest mean number of parasitized eggs and F₁ progeny were recorded during the first day of exposure, after which they declined. However, the percentage mortality of parasitized eggs of T. cacoeciae and T. principium was negatively correlated with repeated exposure. When the exposure of T. cacoeciae and T. principium females to host eggs was delayed for 3 days after emergence, the percentage of oviposited females was not affected; however, the mean number of parasitized eggs, F₁ individuals and the percentage mortality declined significantly. The current study provided essential information necessary to determine the optimal timing of parasitoid releases to increase the efficiency of T. cacoeciae and T. principium against codling moth.     

槐小卷蛾性诱剂的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

槐小巷蛾（ＣｙｄｉａｔｒａｄｉａｓＭｅｙｒｉｋ）性诱剂的主要成分为（反、反）－８，１０－十二碳双烯－１－醇（简式ＥＳＥ１０－１２：ＯＨ）。从两个易得的Ｃ６原料出发，通过Ｇｒｉｇｎａｒｄ偶联反应合成了这种性诱剂。林间诱蛾试验结果表明，ＥＳＥ１０－１２：ＯＨ对槐小卷蛾具有强烈的引诱作用，诱蛾量的变化能及时而准确地反映林间槐小卷蛾的发生与消长情况，从而为进行适时而有效的防治提供科学依据。     

Azinphos-methyl and carbaryl resistance in adults of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.), Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Northeastern Spain

The resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) to organophosphates is widespread throughout the pome fruit growing areas. The lethal effects of two insecticides inhibitors of the acetylcholine esterase, azinphos-methyl and carbaryl, were evaluated in adults of five and four field populations of the codling moth, respectively. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) of these insecticides were determined in a susceptible strain from Spain (S_Spain). Topical bioassays using the approximate LC₉₀ values (3000 mg (a.i.)/L of carbaryl and 2000 mg (a.i.)/L of azinphos-methyl) that were obtained in S_Spain were tested as diagnostic concentrations. The enzymatic activities of mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and esterases (EST) were measured to investigate their potential role in the detoxification of these insecticides.Carbaryl and azinphos-methyl caused ?53% and ?39% corrected mortality, respectively, in field populations, although the diagnostic concentrations applied were twofold and fourfold higher than the maximum concentration registered in Spain, respectively. The activities of MFO and GST were 7.3- to 16.1-fold higher and 2.5- to 3.7-fold higher in all the field populations compared to those in S_Spain, respectively.     

Prospects of monosodium glutamate use for enhancement of spinosad toxicity against codling moth neonates

It was demonstrated that neonates of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.), feed on ‘Red Delicious’ apple leaves and successfully molt to the second instar. Next, using a non-choice bioassay, we targeted codling moth neonates feeding on apple leaves, with standard concentrations of a culinary taste enhancer, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and Success®, which contains 22.8% spinosad as its active ingredient. The addition of 25 ppm MSG increased feeding by 20–30%. Stimulatory properties of MSG were preserved in the presence of 12.5 ppm Success, and mortality from a 12.5 ppm Success + 25 ppm MSG combination increased by factors of 3.1–1.6 compared with Success alone. In a field experiment without rain, MSG maintained its stimulatory properties for 24 h, increasing feeding by 37%. Consistently, without rain, MSG increased the toxicity of Success in the field by a factor of × 3.5. However, the stimulatory properties of MSG dropped to 19% with 4.3 mm of rain, and to zero with 9.6 mm of rain. Increased Success toxicity by MSG was reduced to × 1.6 with 4.3 mm of rain, and dropped to zero after 9.6 mm of rain. It is concluded that MSG seems to be a promising feeding stimulant, enhancing the toxic properties of Success which itself is a good candidate for codling moth control. However, field persistence of MSG needs to be improved, either by formulating the Success + MSG combination into some field-stable matrix, or by employing a sparingly water-soluble substance mimicking MSG’s action as a feeding stimulant in codling moth neonates.     

苹果蠹蛾的发生现状、监测技术及防治方法研究进展

苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella L.)是一种严重危害苹果、梨、桃、杏的检疫性害虫,目前在我国局部分布,严重威胁我国苹果主产区。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾的发生现状、化学生态学研究进展、常用的监测技术方法以及主要防治方法,对苹果蠹蛾综合防控存在的问题及改进方向进行了讨论,以期为减缓苹果蠹蛾的扩散传播提供理论基础。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE BIOLOGY OF CYDIA ILLUTANA DAHURICOLANA IN THE NORTHEAST OF CHINA(LDPIDOPTERA:TORTRICIDAE)

The tortricid moths damdging Dahurian Larch(larix gmelini Rupr.)cone weresurveyed in a matural larch forest in Wurjihan in the eastern parrt of Inner Mongolia,China from 1988 to 1989,and the population dynamics of the moth is investigated inKuduer.Jiwen and other neighbor areas.The tortricid moth was identified to be Cydiaillutana dahuricolana(V.I.Kuznetzov),the first recored in China.It has one generation ayear,and overwinters in pupae in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia.The characteristics ofthe larvae and pupae are descrbed in detail,its life habit and damaging are preliminarilystudied.The differences of its occurence in different areas are disscussed by combining withmeteorological factors.     

葱须鳞蛾的生物学特性及防治研究

葱须鳞蛾在潍坊地区年发生5～6代,以成虫越冬。3月中下旬越冬成虫开始活动、产卵,4月上旬一代幼虫开始为害,5月中下旬出现一代成虫。发生适宜温度为13～24℃,世代发育始点温度为7.1±1.7℃,有效积温为527.2±49.9日度。防治始期为幼虫初孵盛期,以一代和五、六代为关键防治时期。40.7%乐斯本乳油、50%地亚农乳油1000～2000倍液或50%辛硫磷乳油1000～1500倍液,亩喷100公斤,防治效果为92.2～99.27%。     

异脉筛麦蛾的鉴别（鳞翅目“麦蛾科）

本文描述了异脉筛麦蛾的鉴别特征,首次记述了雌蛾并研究了本种翅脉多变的现象。     

Assessment of insecticide resistance in eggs and neonate larvae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Spanish Cydia pomonella (L.) field populations have developed resistance to several insecticide groups. Diagnostic concentrations were established as the LC₉₀ calculated on a susceptible strain (S_Spain) for five and seven insecticides and tested on eggs and neonate larvae field populations, respectively. The three most relevant enzymatic detoxification systems (mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-tranferases (GST) and esterases (EST)) were studied for neonate larvae.In eggs, 96% of the field populations showed a significantly lower efficacy when compared with the susceptible strain (S_Spain) and the most effective insecticides were fenoxycarb and thiacloprid. In neonate larvae, a significant loss of susceptibility to the insecticides was detected. Flufenoxuron, azinphos-methyl and phosmet showed the lowest efficacy, while lambda-cyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl showed the highest. Biochemical assays showed that the most important enzymatic system involved in insecticide detoxification was MFO, with highest enzymatic activity ratios (5.1-16.6 for neonates from nine field populations). An enhanced GST and EST activities was detected in one field population, with enzymatic activity ratios of threefold and fivefold for GST and EST, respectively, when compared with the susceptible strain. The insecticide bioassays showed that the LC₉₀ used were effective as diagnostic concentrations. Measures of MFO activity alongside bioassays with insecticide diagnostic concentrations could be used as tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in neonate larvae of C. pomonella.