空气整根营养钵育苗及移栽系统技术的研究开发

营养钵育苗移栽比苗床育苗裸根苗移栽具有明显的增产效果,而空气整根营养钵育苗移栽又比普通营养钵育苗移栽具有明显的增产效果。本文对空气整根营养钵育苗的机理和优点做了分析。作者在美国北卡州立大学黄国彦教授的8项专利的基础上,在中国研制了商品化的空气整根营养钵育苗及移栽系统。本文对所研制的空气整根营养钵育苗秧盘,压缩草炭饼,机械式秧盘精密播种装置和全自动移栽机做了详细的介绍。     

Harvest residue management and fertilisation effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a 15-year-old Pinus radiata plantation forest

Growing interest in the use of planted forests for bioenergy production could lead to an increase in the quantities of harvest residues extracted. We analysed the change in C and N stocks in the forest floor (LFH horizon) and C and N concentrations in the mineral soil (to a depth of 0.3 m) between pre-harvest and mid-rotation (stand age 15 years) measurements at a trial site situated in a Pinus radiata plantation forest in the central North Island, New Zealand. The impacts of three harvest residue management treatments: residue plus forest floor removal (FF), residue removal (whole-tree harvesting; WT), and residue retention (stem-only harvesting; SO) were investigated with and without the mean annual application of 190 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of urea-N fertiliser (plus minor additions of P, B and Mg). Stocks of C and N in the forest floor were significantly decreased under FF and WT treatments whereas C stocks and mass of the forest floor were significantly increased under the SO treatment over the 15-year period. Averaged across all harvesting treatments, fertilisation prevented the significant declines in mass and C and N stocks of the forest floor which occurred in unfertilised plots. The C:N ratio of the top 0.1 m of mineral soil was significantly increased under the FF treatment corresponding to a significant reduction in N concentration over the period. However, averaged across all harvesting treatments, fertilisation prevented the significant increase in C:N ratio of the top 0.1 m of mineral soil and significantly decreased the C:N ratio of the 0-0.3 m depth range. Results indicate that residue extraction for bioenergy production is likely to reduce C and N stocks in the forest floor through to mid-rotation and possibly beyond unless fertiliser is applied. Forest floors should be retained to avoid adverse impacts on topsoil fertility (i.e., increased C:N ratio). Based on the rate of recovery of the forest floor under the FF treatment, stocks of C and N in the forest floor were projected to reach pre-harvest levels at stand age 18-20. While adverse effects of residue extraction may be mitigated by the application of urea-N fertiliser, it should be noted that, in this experiment, fertiliser was applied at a high rate. Assessment of the sustainability of harvest residue extraction over multiple rotations will require long-term monitoring.     

对提高容器育苗成活率的探讨

从6个方面论述了提高容器育苗成活率的方式方法。     

Cu、Zn制剂处理对贴梗海棠容器苗生长的影响

选择5种不同的化学制剂(CuCO 3、Cu(OH)2、CuSO 4、ZnCl 2、ZnCO 3)分别配制成4种不同质量浓度(40、100、160、220 g·L^-1),涂抹于黑色塑料容器内壁,对贴梗海棠容器苗进行化学控根试验,测定苗高、地径、生物量、根系形态以及Cu、Zn残留量等指标。结果表明:160 g·L^-1 Cu(OH)2制剂对贴梗海棠容器苗地上部生物量积累有促进作用;经100 g·L^-1 CuSO 4制剂处理的容器苗根尖数多,新生侧根多,根系表面积、体积显著高于对照;Cu制剂中离子残留质量分数较高,由高到低的排序表现为Cu(OH)2、CuCO 3、CuSO 4,Zn制剂中离子残留明显少于Cu制剂,但不同质量浓度ZnCl 2和ZnCO 3制剂处理对容器苗生长存在一定抑制作用。根据控根效果和苗木生长指标综合分析,质量浓度为100 g·L^-1的CuSO 4制剂对贴梗海棠容器苗处理效果最优。     

某住宅楼现浇钢筋砼楼板裂缝分析与加固处理

对出现现浇钢筋砼楼板裂缝的某住宅楼工程的图纸进行复查并进行现场检测,从设计和施工两方面对该工程现浇钢筋混凝土楼板出现大面积开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明,板角部负筋配筋量不足、混凝土浇注不均匀、拆模过早是裂缝产生的主要原因。经过加固方案比较,采用粘贴碳钎维布法进行加固处理,确保了结构的安全使用。     

兴安落叶松容器苗的测土施肥实验

针对各苗圃的地力下降和营养不均衡状况,进行了测土施肥试验。以兴安落叶松容器苗作为样材,采用正交设计方法,分别对新播容器苗和芽移容器苗进行测土施肥。结果表明:在该立地条件下,新播苗肥料的最佳配比为1∶14,最佳施肥量为磷酸二铵45.5g/m2;芽移苗肥料的最佳配比为1∶23,最佳施肥量为尿素6.5g/m2、磷酸二铵39.0g/m2,使苗木当年达到出圃标准。     

岩滩水电站厂房楼板振动的分析

结合岩滩水电站厂房振动的试验研究，提出一种水电站厂房下部结构简谐振动模型，首次进行了发电机层楼板结构的精确模态分析和水力激振荷载下的动力响应分析，各项计算结果与实测数据吻合良好。另外，也对岩滩水电站厂房楼板减振构造措施进行了分析。根据各国的评价标准和资料，探讨了水电站厂房楼板的振动对建筑物、机械、仪器设备和人体的影响及评价标准。     

笼养肉仔鸡生产性能及其胴体品质影响因素的研究

该文采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,就笼底材料、饲养密度、不同性别组群下3～6周龄AA肉仔鸡的生产性能及其胴体品质进行研究。结果表明:竹竿和塑料笼底下肉仔鸡的胴体品质以及笼养密度11～14只／m~2下的生产性能较高,以塑料笼底、低密度和公鸡单饲组的肉仔鸡总增重最高,达1．82kg。笼底材料对增重、饲料转化率、屠宰率、腹脂率以及胸肌纤维直径没有影响,但铁丝笼底会导致胸囊肿发病率升高。高饲养密度下能显著降低肉鸡增重和饲．料转化率,但肉仔鸡的屠宰率有所增加;而低饲养密度有利于胸肌纤维直径的增加。单饲母鸡的腹脂率显著高于单饲公鸡和公母混群饲养鸡的腹脂率。     

笼养肉仔鸡生产性能及其胴体品质影响因素的研究

该本文采用三因素三水平正交试验设计，就笼底材料、饲养密度、不同性别组群下3～6周龄AA肉仔鸡的生产性能及其胴体品质进行研究。结果表明：竹竿和塑料笼底下肉仔鸡的胴体品质以及笼养密度11 ～14只／m²下的生产性能较高，以塑料笼底、低密度和公鸡单饲组的肉仔鸡总增重最高，达1.82kg。笼底材料对增重、饲料转化率、屠宰率、腹脂率以及胸肌纤维直径没有影响，但铁丝笼底会导致胸囊肿发病率升高。高饲养密度下能显著降低肉鸡增重和饲料转化率，但肉仔鸡的屠宰率有所增加；而低饲养密度有利于胸肌纤维直径的增加。单饲母鸡的腹脂率显著高于单饲公鸡和公母混群饲养鸡的腹脂率。     

Phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics during field incubations in forest and fallow subarctic soils

A knowledge of the nutrient dynamics that occur with land use changes, e.g., in clearing forests for farmland, is useful in choosing the most efficient soil and fertilizer management practices. To determine net in situ P and N mineralization and nitrification rates of forest floor materials and their nutrient value for agricultural crops, plastic bags containing different materials (moss, O horizon, and A horizon) collected from a subarctic black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) forest were incubated for 2 years in their respective forest horizons and at 7.5 cm depth in a nearby fallow field. Net amounts of P and N mineralized were highest in moss and were similar in forest and field when the temperature and moisture content were similar, but smaller in forest when the water content was higher. Net nitrification was negligible in O and A horizon material but significant in moss during the 2nd year, occurring sooner and producing higher NO _inf3 ^sup- levels in the field (171 mg ha^-1) than in the forest (13 mg ha^-1). Moss P and N mineralization rates were correlated in the fallow field. Temperature, moisture content, and substrate quality were important factors controlling P and N dynamics of forest floor materials in a subarctic fallow field and native forest. In subarctic regions, incorporation and mineralization of forest floor materials could provide an early source of N and P (70 and 17 kg ha^-1, respectively) for succeeding agricultural crops.