复合地埂在黑土侵蚀山区坡耕地治理中的应用研究

[目的]结合“全国坡耕地水土流失综合治理试点工程”建设,探索复合地埂措施在黑土侵蚀山区坡耕地治理中应用的可行性.[方法]根据单位长度复合地埂拦蓄量与单位面积坡面来水量确定不同坡度复合地埂定型参数;根据调查研究确定施工方法;采用小区及实测对比的方法确定效益.[结果]选择穆棱市跃进北沟项目区进行复合地埂为主的坡耕地治理典型模式建设,项目区保水率和保土率分别达到96.14％和99.73％,实施治理坡耕地平均每年产粮797×104kg,比当地平均水平提高12.38％,取得了较好的治理效果.[结论]复合地埂是低山坡耕地中的一项有效水土保持治理措施.     

脲醛树脂在水曲柳刨切薄木湿贴工艺中的应用

扼要介绍了湿法棉秆中密度纤维板基材表面用以脲醛树脂为主要成分的混合胶,湿贴厚度为0.25mm和0.4mm水曲柳刨切薄木的工艺,并对基材、胶粘剂、贴面材、胶贴工艺等诸多因素优化研究,比较有效地解决了透胶和脱胶等问题,制得质量合格而又有明显经济效益和使用价值的棉秆中密度纤维板薄本装饰板。研究结果表明,湿贴工艺中采用以脲醛树脂为主要组分的混合胶是可行的,胶贴质量达到日本农林省JAS标准“装饰合板”中规定的指标。     

Cause and Consequence in Maize Planting Dates in Germany

An important part of agricultural adaptation is the timing of crop sowing dates, affecting yields and the level of risk incurred during a particular season. Cold stress is especially relevant in maize, Zea mays L., so that the timing of planting in the spring is a tactical response to short‐term weather, but is also subject to strategic planning with regard to longer‐term climate. Both factors compare the potential implications of cold stress to the additional yield obtainable through earlier planting. New cultivars suited to growing conditions in Europe and generally increasing spring temperatures have enabled earlier planting, but it is still dependent on short‐term weather during the planting period. In the context of field‐level decision‐making, a panel regression is used to estimate the relationship between weekly local temperature and precipitation and planting dates at specific sites throughout Germany. Next, localised weather data and planting behaviour are linked to yields at the district (Landkreis) level to show the effects of planting date on yield. Based on these relationships optimal planting dates are explored with some associated costs and benefits. Results show a trend towards earlier planting that follows observed increasing spring temperatures and the availability of more cold‐tolerant cultivars but this advance is buffered by the increasing severity of minimum temperatures during a critical period. Earlier planting potentially increases yield but this is offset by additional management costs and risk. A robust and simple depiction of farmer behaviour in climatic, technological and economic context can help to understand trends in crop management and productivity that effect agricultural landscapes.     

5·15绥化局部强风致房屋破坏调查分析

结合现场调查结果,介绍并分析了绥化局部强风区附近建筑物受风灾影响现象。得到以下主要结论:一些按照国家现行规范设计的建筑物可以抵抗超限的水平风荷载和屋面吸力;但是,未经设计自建的农村民宅,在大风作用下其结构或围护结构就会产生严重的破坏。砖木结构的破坏主要表现为围护结构整体受损和山墙倒塌。屋面的抗风能力与屋面材料有关。传统的土坯房及一面清房屋在强风作用下整体倒塌。强风导致供电线路、通讯线路的毁损带来重大经济损失。     

2000-2017年中国农村水资源贫困与经济贫困的耦合协调状态及其影响因素

[目的] 测算中国农村水资源贫困指数和经济贫困指数的耦合度和耦合协调度,为减轻农村水贫困与经济贫困提供理论依据和政策启示。[方法] 以中国31个省（市、区）为研究对象,运用层次分析法、熵值法、系统耦合协调度模型、空间杜宾面板数据模型等方法,研究了2000—2017年农村水资源贫困与经济贫困耦合协调度的时空分布特征和影响因素。[结果] ①从整体来看,虽然中国农村水资源贫困与经济贫困的耦合协调度不高,但大致呈上升趋势,且中国31个省（市、区）均表现为耦合度大于耦合协调度。②就空间角度而言,中国农村水资源贫困与经济贫困的耦合协调度呈现由东南部向东北、西南部扩散的态势,东部沿海地区的江苏和浙江、南部沿海地区的福建与广东、地处长江中游地带的湖南省的耦合协调度最高。③农村水资源贫困与农村经济贫困耦合协调程度存在明显的负向溢出效应。财政农林水事务支出对农业生产具有较大的促进作用,而农产品价格和第二、三产业比例提高会抑制其发展。[结论] 国家应加大或维持对农村原有的财政支持力度,充分发挥政府和市场在资源配置中的调节作用。合理调整农产品价格的同时,加大农业技术投入,加强地区间分工合作,促进产业升级,从而推保农村水资源与农村经济协调发展。     

良好农业规范(GAP)在蔬菜基地中的应用——基于面板数据和语言信息的农产品安全评价

针对良好农业规范(GAP)在蔬菜种植基地实施中,审核专家的评价信息仅做简单汇总而没有进行充分利用和分析,语言评价信息易损失和扭曲、限于平面数据集结等问题,以山东省6个备案蔬菜种植基地2001-2006年期间的评价为例进行了实证研究.提出了一种基于语言信息和面板数据的综合评价方法,据GAP标准构建了蔬菜基地的农产品安全评价指标体系,统计了GAP审核专家就6个基地的评价信息,对信息分别进行多指标和时序加权集结,得到各基地的综合评价结果,并对结果进行分析,充分利用评价信息,用以指导基地在GAP实施中的改进.研究表明以上方法可以有效地将语言评价信息进行集结,避免信息损失,并能够体现决策者对不同时期的重视程度.该方法将促进良好农业规范GAP标准的推广和应用,实现农产品安全管理的目标.     

橡胶树死皮防治缓释颗粒调理剂造粒工艺的研究

橡胶树死皮已成为制约天然橡胶生产发展的重要因子之一,研发轻简、高效的死皮防治技术是目前橡胶生产中亟需解决的问题。以腐植酸为载体,对橡胶树死皮防治缓释颗粒调理剂的圆盘造粒工艺进行了研究。通过设计正交试验,分析了圆盘倾斜角度、圆盘转速及粘结剂对缓释颗粒调理剂的粒度、颗粒强度及颗粒崩解率的影响,确定了合理的造粒工艺：圆盘转速为60 r/min、倾角30°,粘结剂为壳聚糖。最优工艺条件下制备的缓释颗粒调理剂的粒度为91.5%、颗粒强度为34.1 N、崩解率为10%,粒度及颗粒强度已达国家复合肥标准相关要求;从崩解率看,所制备的调理剂颗粒具有一定的缓释性能。本研究的开展可为实现轻简、高效的橡胶树死皮防控提供技术支撑。     

Multi metric evaluation of leaf wetness models for large-area application of plant disease models

Leaf wetness (LW) is one of the most important input variables of disease simulation models because of its fundamental role in the development of the infection process of many fungal pathogens. The low reliability of LW sensors and/or their rare use in standard weather stations has led to an increasing demand for reliable models that are able to estimate LW from other meteorological variables. When working on large databases in which data are interpolated in grids starting from weather stations, LW estimation is often penalized by the lack of hourly inputs (e.g., air relative humidity and air temperature), leading researchers to generate such variables from the daily values of the available weather data.Although it is possible to find several papers about models for the estimation of LW, the behavior and reliability of these models were never assessed by running them with inputs at different time resolutions aiming at large-area applications. Furthermore, only a limited number of papers have assessed the suitability of different LW models when used to provide inputs to simulate the development of the infection process of fungal pathogens. In this paper, six LW models were compared using data collected at 12 sites across the U.S. and Italy between 2002 and 2008 using an integrated, multi metric and fuzzy-based expert system developed ad hoc. The models were evaluated for their capability to estimate LW and for their impact on the simulation of the infection process for three pathogens through the use of a potential infection model. This study indicated that some empirical LW models performed better than physically based LW models. The classification and regression tree (CART) model performed better than the other models in most of the conditions tested. Finally, the estimate of LW using hourly inputs from daily data led to a decline of the LW models performances, which should still be considered acceptable. However, this estimate may require further work in data collection and model evaluation for applications at finer spatial resolutions aimed at decision support systems.     

波浪高度及方向对桩柱式围网养殖系统网片水力特性的影响

浅海围网养殖是一种生态型养殖模式,桩柱式围网是其中最为典型的模式之一,主体由排桩和网片组成。围网网衣系统安全是决定围网工程安全的关键所在。针对桩柱式围网,采用数值模拟方法对其主要构成部件单元网片在波浪条件下的变形和受力等水力特性进行了研究,重点分析了波高(1、2、3、4、5 m)和波向(10°、30°、50°、70°、90°)条件下围网网片的网线张力分布、结节偏移和桩柱系缚点受力特性及影响关系。结果表明,桩柱式围网单元网片的网线最大张力部位主要出现在网片上端两侧位置,应用时建议强化顶部纲绳的设计考虑;波向为30°~70°时,网线最大张力有一段较小的增加量,而结节最大偏移随波向的增大而增大;网片与桩柱系缚点的最大受力呈现两端大中间小的现象,建议强化顶部和底部系缚点。以上研究结果可为桩柱式围网工程设计与安装提供参考。     

稻草基生态护坡板及其拦截污染物效率的实验研究

以稻草为主要原材料,采用"复合压板"工艺,研制一种可以复绿的护坡基材。经过高羊茅草种子的发芽试验表明:该基材可以作为植物生长的载体,并为植物提供营养供给。基材绿化后形成的护坡材料在径流速度为0.5L/s和坡度55o的条件下,可以有效延迟径流停留时间,对悬浮固体的平均拦截效率为85%,对水溶性磷和泥沙结合态磷的平均拦截率为93%和84%。经过生物安全性测试,表明稻草基护坡材料具有环境安全性。生态护坡材料的开发,可以有效遏制我国大量稻草资源的浪费以及缓解污染环境。