鄱阳湖湿地灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局沿水分梯度的变化

为揭示鄱阳湖湿地苔草群落的构建机制,选择灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)群落作为研究对象,通过设立3条样带调查不同水分梯度的群落物种多度,选用断棍模型(BSM)、生态位优先占领模型(NPM)、优势优先模型(DPM)、随机分配模型(RAM)和生态位重叠模型(ONM)5个生态位模型对群落种-多度关系进行拟合,结果表明,1)灰化苔草群落可按土壤水分划分为高湿度、中湿度和低湿度3组,分别对应从湖边、湿地中间和湿地边缘的梯度分布;2)从高到低的水分梯度上,灰化苔草群落的物种数先增加后降低,优势种多度逐渐增加,物种多度分布曲线由相对平缓变为陡峭;3)高湿度灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局的最佳拟合模型为BSM,中、低湿度的理想模型转变为NPM。研究认为,水分条件的变化是灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局改变的主因,随着水分梯度降低,群落构建的生态学过程由随机生态位变为生态位优先占领。研究为鄱阳湖湿地多样性保育和生态功能管理提供了理论参考。     

贵州喀斯特山区草地生态系统类型转变对土壤有机碳的影响

为探明喀斯特生态脆弱区土地利用方式转变对土壤有机碳的影响,以贵州省不同海拔梯度下的草地及其相应开垦的农田为研究对象,采用成对设计的方法研究了不同海拔梯度下草地、农田的有机碳特征及草地生态系统类型转变对土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:研究区草地、农田土壤体积质量随土层深度增加显著升高(P <0.05),增幅为17.85%～45.74%,草地转变为农田后土壤体积质量均显著增加,增幅为5.09%～10.88%。研究区草地、农田土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而显著降低,表层(0～10 cm)土壤有机碳含量占整个研究区(0～50 cm)的54.93%,呈表层富集现象。草地生态系统类型转变导致整个研究区土壤有机碳含量显著下降,降幅为19.64%～57.12%,且降幅随着海拔高度的增加而增大;草地转变为农田使土壤有机碳密度下降,降幅12.22%～50.73%。     

大武滩藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落结构及植物量调查研究

对果洛州大武滩藏嵩草沼泽化草甸典型样地的植物群落结构及植物量进行了调查,结果为:该草地植被由24种植物组成,隶属13科22属。藏嵩草为优势种,次优势种植物有华扁穗草和鹅绒委陵菜。植被多样性指数(H′)为3.06,生态优势度指数(D)为0.82,均匀度指数为(J′)值为0.96。地上植物量干重为558.7g/m2,地下植物量为6734.13g/m2。地下植物量主要分布在0～10cm处,为4071.7g/m2,占0～30cm植物量的60.46%。草地地上植物量按经济类群划分,莎草类、阔叶草类和禾草类植物分别占鲜重的69.9%、26.28%和3.78%;占干重的75.3%、20.3%和4.4%,草地植物群落以莎草科牧草为主。     

Effect of bensulfuron-methyl (a sulfonylurea herbicide) on the soil bacterial community of a paddy soil microcosm

The effect of bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) on a soil microbial community in a model paddy microcosm was studied. Total bacterial numbers in the overlying water and surface soil were monitored for 2 months after the application of BSM at the field rate and a ten-fold field rate. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used for comparison. Neither chemical affected the total bacterial numbers remarkably, either in the overlying water or in the surface soil. In contrast, the nitrification potential was significantly suppressed by the BSM application. The bacterial community structure, as evaluated by the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR amplification products from bacterial 16S rDNA, was unaffected by the BSM treatments over 8 weeks in the surface soil, compared with the control (no pesticide). In contrast, the surface soil exposed to PCP at a ten-fold field rate showed different patterns from the controls at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after application. The DGGE patterns of the overlying water were much more variable than those of the surface soil in any treatments. Cluster analysis showed that the BSM plots were classified within the same group as the control at 1 week after application and that the BSM and PCP plots from 2 weeks onward after application were grouped differently from the control. Of 22 clones excised from the DGGE gels, 20 clones belonged to the Proteobacteria and two belonged to the Verrucomicrobia. It was considered that the impact of BSM on the overall microbial community (total numbers, community structure of soil) was negligible, although BSM had an impact on some specific functions of the soil microbial community (nitrification) and a part of the community (overlying water).     

Application of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for comparison of direct and indirect extraction methods of soil DNA used for microbial community fingerprinting

 We used polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to compare bacterial community patterns obtained with target DNA extracted from a soil by direct and indirect methods. For this purpose, two direct extraction methods, i.e. cell lysis by bead beating and cell disruption by grinding in liquid N, and two indirect methods, i.e. cell extraction followed by DNA extraction, and combined RNA/DNA extraction from the bacterial cell fraction, were performed. Crude extracts were purified and amplified using universal bacterial primers. PCR products were then analysed by DGGE, and similarity between the profiles obtained was determined by unweighted pair group with mathematical averages clustering. The results showed clear profiles that presumably represented the dominant bacterial fractions in the samples. The profiles generated by all four methods were similar, indicating that the methods were of approximately equal efficiency in the extraction of target DNA representative of the soil bacterial community. However, the patterns of clustering also indicated that different populations of bacteria could be detected in the same soil using different soil DNA extraction methods. The application of two dilution levels of DNA in PCR-DGGE showed that the most stable profile of the soil bacterial community could be generated by the direct methods. The indirect methods gave clustered profiles at both dilution levels. It is likely that these methods extracted DNA from a major, easily desorbed, bacterial fraction, consisting of low-density populations. PCR-DGGE was found to be a suitable technique with which to assess differences in methods for DNA extraction from soil, which can be further used for the determination of microbial community diversity at the molecular level. Received: 22 June 1999     

刈割对羊草草原生长性能的影响

研究刈割强度对羊草草原生长性能的影响。结果表明:随着刈割强度的增大,地上现存量呈连续下降趋势,群落和羊草变化趋势相同;处理间生长量和生长速率均呈单峰型变化;生长速率对留茬高度的响应为二次曲线形式;相对生长速率在处理间差异不显著;本文参照生长速率的二次曲线形式,以留茬15 cm(D 1)作为刈割强度的参数。     

基于社区参与的乡村旅游业态网络化发展模式研究--以浙江金大田村为例

针对我国乡村旅游发展中存在的问题、特征和要求,指出现代乡村旅游的可持续需要依靠乡村自身的力量和社区居民主动的参与才能实现。分析了乡村旅游影响下的乡村社区结构特征,探讨了乡村旅游发展模式与乡村社区的耦合关系,通过对乡村旅游资源和社区力量的整合,从社区村民从事乡村旅游的可能性和参与方式入手,对乡村旅游业态进行网络化组织,建立公共资源型业态、平台型投资业态、小微企业业态和一般性投资业态,实现乡村社区要素与旅游发展之间的良性互动。并以金大田村为例论证了基于社区发展建立乡村旅游网络化模式的可行性,依靠社区的力量实现乡村旅游的可持续、乡土文化的保护传承和乡村经济的再生。     

坡度对降雨径流挟沙能力影响的模拟试验

高陡边坡降雨径流侵蚀输移能力是一个重要的科学问题。通过室内模拟降雨试验研究相同雨强不同坡度和坡长条件下的降雨径流侵蚀输移规律。结果表明：(1)试验条件下,水深与水力坡度的1/3次方呈负相关,与坡长的3/5次方呈正相关,流速与水力坡度和水深呈幂函数增加;(2)相同雨强裸坡条件下,径流含沙量与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关,与坡长的4/5次方呈正相关。水流挟沙能力约与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关。(3)降雨径流的水流紊动扩散作用与重力作用的比值较明渠水流偏大,表明雨滴打击的紊动作用较明显,给出挟沙能力公式。与常用的河流泥沙挟沙能力公式比较,系数偏大,指数偏小。研究成果对深入分析降雨径流侵蚀输移的机制具有重要意义。     

陕北黄土区退耕还林（草）地土壤质量特征及其对降水的响应

为了解陕北黄土区退耕还林（草）地土壤质量差异特征及其对降水的响应,该研究沿370～470 mm的降水梯度,选取了陕西省吴起县境内的王洼子（370～395 mm）、大吉沟（440～445 mm）和白豹（460～470 mm）3个降水梯度区作为研究区,并结合土壤质量指数法,定量评价降水梯度区广泛栽植的刺槐林（Robinia pseudoacacia）、沙棘林（Hippophae rhamnoides）和草地的土壤物理结构、持水性、盐碱度、碳汇指标以及速效养分指标方面的综合得分,明确植被恢复后土壤质量随降水梯度的变化特征。结果表明：1）降水量、植被类型以及二者的交互作用对土壤指标影响显著（P<0.05）。2）在460～470 mm降水量区,刺槐林对土壤质量改良效果最好,其土壤质量综合指数为0.829,其次为沙棘林（0.808）,二者土壤质量均达到肥沃水平,且差异不显著,草地土壤质量综合指数最低为0.679,土壤质量为较肥沃水平;在440～445 mm降水量区,刺槐林、沙棘林和草地的土壤质量综合指数分别为0.672、0.764和0.527,其中刺槐林和沙棘林下土壤质量达到较肥沃水平,草地土壤质量等级为中等水平;在370～395 mm降水量区,3种植被类型土壤质量综合指数由大到小表现为沙棘林（0.792）>刺槐林（0.433）>草地（0.270）,沙棘林土壤质量等级最高为较肥沃水平,其次为刺槐林和草地,二者土壤质量分别为中等水平和贫瘠水平。3）在370～470 mm降水梯度内,3种植被类型土壤质量综合指数均随着降水量的减少而降低,其中沙棘林土壤质量综合指数变异系数较低为2.34%,刺槐林和草地土壤质量综合指数变异系数较高,分别为25.27%和34.34%。该研究结果可为陕北黄土区不同降水梯度下的植被恢复与重建等林业生态工程实施提供数据支撑与理论支持。     

蜥蜴对内蒙古典型草原群落多样性和地上生物量的影响

为研究蜥蜴(Phrynocephalus frontalis)活动对内蒙古典型草原群落多样性、地上生物量、群落结构、生活型组成以及优势种生物量的影响,于2012年6月和8月在内蒙古毛登牧场围封草场内布设有蜥蜴样地和对照样地,进行样方调查和生物量取样.结果表明:与对照样地相比,蜥蜴样地6月的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度显著降低,8月Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度和物种丰富度均显著低于对照样地;蜥蜴样地的群落生物量在6月和8月分别比对照样地高68.85和111 g·m^-2;在功能群水平,蜥蜴样地一年生植物和多年生禾草的生物量比例比对照样地增加了19.1%和11.0%,而多年生杂类草生物量比例降低了19.8%;在物种水平,蜥蜴样地羊草(Leymus chinensis)生物量的比例在生长季节初期达到了75.0%.可见在内蒙古典型草原,蜥蜴干扰可使一年生植物和多年生禾草的生物量比例增加,而使多年生杂类草的物种数和生物量比例显著降低;蜥蜴干扰显著促进了羊草的生长;同时会降低群落的物种多样性,提高地上生物量.