Structure and regeneration dynamics of dominant tree species along altitudinal gradient in a dry valley slopes of the Bhutan Himalaya

The aim of our study was to characterize the structure and regeneration dynamics of dominant tree species along altitudinal gradient in dry valley slopes of the Bhutan Himalaya. In the typical dry valley slopes of west-central Bhutan, we analyzed forest stratification, tree crown projection, and population structure from lower dry valley bottom (1520 m a.s.l.) to upper humid ridge top (3370 m a.s.l.) across five major forest types: i.e. (1) dry pine forest with Pinus roxburghii as a dominant species; (2) mixed broad-leaved forest with Quercus lanata (evergreen), Quercus griffithii, (deciduous), and Rhododendron arboreum (evergreen) as major canopy species; (3) evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus semecarpifolia, Quercus glauca and Quercus oxyodon; (4) cool conifer forest dominated by Abies densa and Tsuga dumosa; (5) cold conifer forest with A. densa and Juniperus recurva as dominants. In general, regeneration pattern of major dominant species shifted from inverse-J (lower altitudes), to sporadic (mid-altitudes), and to uni-modal type (upper altitudes) corresponding to three regeneration trends: (1) invasive at the lower, warm, dry forest under relatively strong human disturbances; (2) stable/balanced at the mid-altitude, in a relatively stable, mature moist evergreen broad-leaved forest with gap regeneration; and (3) poor/low regeneration at the upper, cool, humid conifer forest with a continuously cattle-grazed understory. Overall, regeneration patterns were balanced in all forest types, however care should be taken to prevent excessive exploitation of dry pine forest of lower valley bottom, and to control cattle grazing at higher altitudes. Our findings can be incorporated into management plans for sustainable management and conservation of mountain forests.     

社区林业及其在四川的实践

本文探讨了社区林业的产生和发展过程，介绍了国内外社区林业发展的现状和经验，分析了四川的社区林业发展和取得较好效果的原因，指出了四川社区林业未来发展的目标：一是做好社区发展服务和为生态建设服务的工作；二是处理好社区林业发展与国家生态工程建设的关系；三是加大主区林业传播推广力度。     

Thermal diffusion in Masson pine wood

In order to analyze the effects of the temperature gradient on moisture movement during the highly intensive microwave-vacuum drying, thermal diffusion of Masson pine wood was studied. Internal distribution of temperature and moisture in Masson pine samples sealed by epoxy resin and aluminum foil was measured, the magnitude of thermal diffusion was calculated and the influencing factors of thermal diffusion were discussed. Results showed that with the transfer of moisture toward the low temperature in wood, opposite temperature and moisture gradient occurred. The initial moisture content （MC）, temperature and time are important factors affecting this process; the thermal diffusion is in proportion to wood temperature, its initial moisture and time. The temperature and distance from hot surface is strongly linearly correlated, and the relationship between MCs at different locations and distance from the hot end surface changes from logarithmically form to exponentially form with the increase in experimental time.     

参与式方法在退耕还林规划中的应用

本文介绍了应用社区林业参与式方法在棉竹市、天全县、筠连县的退耕还林（草）试点工程中，探索参与式规则和实施活动。经过开展研究、走访农户、退耕还林地实地踏查等探索，认为在退耕还林（草）工程中应用参与式的方法进行规划很有必要。初步提出了开展参与式规划的八个步骤：一是初步调查确定项目，二是对农户的宣传发动和咨询服务，三是农户意愿和基本情况调查，四是计划阶段，五是作业设计，六是项目实施，七是检查验收和政策兑现，八是监测评估。     

扶贫项目规划设计中的性别问题探讨

本文通过四川渠县两个村薪柴树种规划设计中的社会性别案例介绍和凉山州布拖县乌科乡洛呷村参与式扶盆项目规划设计介绍，阐明了扶贫工作应引入社区林业思想和方法、扶贫项目规划设计必须充分考虑不同社会性别群体的需求及其利益的观点。     

SUSCEPTIBILITY ARTIFACTS ON T2*‐WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE AND FELINE SPINE

The T2*‐weighted gradient recalled echo sequence is a sensitive means to detect blood degradation products. While not a routine sequence in magnetic resonance imaging of the spine in small animals, it can provide additional valuable information in select cases. The goal of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study was to describe findings when acquiring this sequence during magnetic resonance imaging examination of the spine in small animals. The University of Tennessee's veterinary radiology database was searched for dogs and cats that underwent magnetic resonance imaging for suspect spinal disease in which a T2*‐weighted gradient recalled echo sequence was acquired and susceptibility artifact was identified. The following information was recorded: signalment, clinical signs, location and appearance of susceptibility artifact, and final diagnosis. Thirty‐nine cases were included in the study. Extradural susceptibility artifacts were observed in cases of intervertebral disc herniation with or without associated hemorrhage (n = 28), extradural hemorrhage associated with spinal trauma (n = 2), hemophilia (n = 1), and in a cystic extradural mass (n = 1). Remaining lesions displaying susceptibility artifact were intramedullary and included presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (n = 2), hematoma (n = 1), hemangiosarcoma metastasis (n = 1), intramedullary disc extrusion (n = 1), presumptive meningomyelitis (n = 1), and a mass of undetermined etiology (n = 1). Inclusion of a T2*‐weighted gradient recalled echo sequence may be helpful in spinal magnetic resonance imaging when standard imaging sequences are ambiguous or intramedullary lesions are observed.     

四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落结构特征研究

本文对四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落--人工柏木纯林、次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林的群落结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：在群落的物种组成、生活型、层片结构以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson生态优势度指数表征的群落综合特征上,次生混交林与人工林具有很大差异.人工柏木纯林物种数量少,乔、灌、草层的物种多样性和均匀度较低,生态优势度较高;次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林物种数量较多,乔、灌、草层有较高的物种多样性和均匀度,较低的生态优势度.     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苔藓内生细菌群落多样性分析

以延安市当地藓结皮中的土著优势种土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)、反扭藓(Timmiella anomala)和青藓(Brachythecium albicans)为研究对象,分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌的群落组成和多样性,揭示3种不同品种的苔藓植株内生细菌的群落结构及多样性差异。采用高通量测序技术分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌16S rRNA基因V3~V4 变异区序列,使用生物信息学方法分析3种苔藓内生细菌的群落结构及多样性。结果表明：土生对齿藓、反扭藓、青藓3种苔藓测序共获得178 173条有效序列,在97%一致性下共产生705个有效的OTUs。在门、纲和属水平上,土生对齿藓的优势类群分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,57.91%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,41.00%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,35.02%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,5.92%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,24.92%)、(Massilia,6.26%);反扭藓分别为蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,40.05%)、变形菌门( Proteobacteria,40.88%),α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,30.87%)和(Phytohabitans,4.10%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas,3.93%);青藓分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,80.49%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,15.26%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,7.66%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,7.45%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,6.46%)。Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析表明,反扭藓的Chao1指数(370.667)和Shannon指数(5.368)最大,基于韦恩图分析3种苔藓存在87个共有OTUs,土生对齿藓、反扭藓和青藓独有OTUs分别为7、175和13,说明3种苔藓不仅有较高的细菌多样性,还存在一定的差异。典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis, CCA)结果表明,土壤中有效氮(AN)和有机质(OM)的含量是影响3种苔藓内生细菌的群落多样性变化的主要因素。3个不同品种的苔藓的内生细菌种类丰富,群落结构组成和丰度均存在较大的差异,且苔藓所生长的微环境如有效氮和有机质的含量会对其内生细菌群落结构和多样性有较大影响。本研究可为苔藓内生细菌菌种资源的开发和生产应用提供理论支持。     

木薯农艺性状及品质对不同海拔梯度的响应

为了探究木薯农艺性状及块根品质对不同海拔梯度的响应,进而明确海拔梯度变化对木薯生长的影响。以木薯品种‘SC205’、‘GR4’为材料,于800~1600 m的海拔上种植。同海拔木薯的株高、茎粗、主茎高和落叶高度随时间不断增加而增加,但同时间段,随海拔升高呈降低趋势,2个品种在8—10月生长最快,11月生长相对缓慢,到12月生长基本停止;随海拔梯度升高,同一木薯品种块根品质呈上升趋势,除粗纤维含量外,其他均差异达极显著;同海拔不同木薯品种间,除粗纤维含量外差异显著;块根品质含量最高多出现在海拔1400 m,最低在海拔1000 m或800 m。不同海拔下,海拔800 m、1000 m木薯生长旺盛,海拔1400 m块根品质相对较好,生产上应根据用途选择适宜的木薯种植海拔。     

烟威近岸海域鱼类早期资源群落结构及适宜产卵生境

烟威近岸海域是历史上重要的鲐(Scomber japonicus)产卵场之一,或囿于对其“过路渔场”的认知,近年来对该海域鱼类产卵场的研究相对较少。为了解烟威近岸海域鱼类产卵场现状,于2020年4—9月对该海域开展逐月产卵场调查,基于鱼卵、仔稚鱼及环境数据,运用空间插值、聚类分析、非度量多维标度排序、相似性分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法对该海域鱼类早期资源时空分布、群落结构月度更替及主要种类适宜产卵生境进行了综合分析。结果显示,2020年4—9月于烟威近岸海域采集到鱼类早期资源种类52种,包括33种鱼类的337 038粒鱼卵和28种鱼类的2122尾仔稚鱼;5—6月为主要产卵期,共有21种鱼卵出现,鱼卵数量占全年鱼卵总数的98.32%,主要产卵场位于烟台套子湾至威海鸡鸣岛北部海域,主要产卵种类为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、鲐、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄条 (Seriola lalandi)、绯 (Callionymus beniteguri)、少鳞 (Sillago japonica)、黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)等;烟威近岸海域鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落结构年内变化明显,除产卵末期(8—9月)外,各月间种类更替率不低于50%,鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落月间平均相异性不低于73%;海表温度(SST)、海底温度(SBT)、海表盐度(SSS)和深度(DEP)是显著影响4—9月主要鱼种产卵选择的环境因子。研究表明,烟威近岸海域为黄渤海规模较大的鱼类产卵场之一,需在鱼类早期生活史研究与产卵场养护策略制定时得到足够重视。