Effect of Growth Season and Slow-Release Fertilizers on Quality Characteristics of Tomatoes

This study discusses the effect of growth season and fertilization on quality characteristics of tomatoes. In a pot experiment, established in an unheated glasshouse, tomatoes were grown in two widely differing soils during two different seasons (winter and summer). Conventional fertilizers, applied in two doses, and corresponding slow-release fertilizers, applied in a single dose, were used. Summer fruits contained greater lycopene content and had a more reddish coloration than those harvested by the end of winter. Slow-release fertilizers further increased lycopene content compared to the conventional fertilizers. The widely different electrical conductivities between the two soils had no effect on the lycopene content. Fertilization contributed to an increase of soluble solid content (Brix) in fruits, but there was no difference among fertilizers used. Similarly, there was no significant response of pulp pH to growth season or fertilizer treatments.     

秋季植物景观色彩属性的研究

摘要：植物色彩是秋季植物景观最为重要的观赏因素。以沈阳市秋季植物景观为例，着重对植物的色彩属性进行调查研究。并运用问卷调查的方式对大众进行色彩喜好的研究，了解色彩因素对大众审美的影响，从而总结出符合大众审美的秋季植物景观的色彩运用规律。     

木材染色处理工艺参数对颜色坚牢度的影响

根据可见光分光光度计的工作原理,设计了一种测定染色木材试验颜色坚牢度的方法,并利用这一方法讨论分析了木材染色处理工艺参数对颜色坚牢度的影响。试验以尾×巨桉（Eucalyptus　urophylla×grandis）为试材,以酸性染料为染色剂。试验结果表明在染液配方、染液材积比和染色时间控制不变的条件下,染液温度为颜色坚牢度的第一位影响因子,达到1％显著性水平。在25～80℃的范围内,颜色坚牢度随温度升高而增长,温度越高,增长越快。其次为固色剂浓度,达到5％显著性水平。在0～0.3％的范围内,颜色坚牢度随固色剂浓度增大而增长,低浓度时增长较快。再次为染液pH值,它对颜色坚牢度的影响较小,仅达到10％显著性水平。渗透剂JFC用量对颜色坚牢度的影响不显著,略显负的效应,此有待进一步证实和深入研究。     

FTIR-PAS study of light-induced changes in the surface of acetylated or polyethylene glycol-impregnated wood

The objective of this study was to characterize the surface changes in acetylated and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-impregnated wood caused during light irradiation by Fourier transformed infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis to determine their effects on the reduction of light deterioration. Light irradiation made the color of the chemically modified wood lighter or more vivid, whereas it deepened the color of the untreated wood. The color difference during light irradiation was less in the chemically modified wood than the untreated wood. The color difference of PEG-impregnated wood increased with increasing irradiation time. The light irradiation generated much carbonyl and significantly degraded lignin in the untreated wood. The generation of carbonyl and lignin degradation diminished in the acetylated wood in comparison with the untreated wood, indicating that acetylation restrained the photochemical degradation of wood. Deacetylation did not occur during light irradiation of the acetylated wood. The PEG impregnation decreased the generation of carbonyl and degradation of lignin during light irradiation. However, the irradiation occurred a little photochemical degradation of PEG, generating the carbonyl. Therefore, longer light irradiation should increase the degradation of PEG, thus reducing the effect of treatment. The correlation between the color difference and lignin degradation was high, indicating that the color changes during light irradiation significantly depended on lignin degradation. The chemical modification reduced the degradation of lignin and consequently decreased the color difference. Some of the compounds containing the carbonyl generated during light irradiation were water-soluble.This paper was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

漳浦香山湾展示中心滨海植物色彩营造

为探究滨海旅游度假项目展示中心的植物营造,以漳浦香山湾展示中心为例,重点分析其植物色彩营造,以及滨海植物种类筛选,其中色彩营造主要分析总体色彩规划、空间配色分析、色彩效果呈现3个方面内容,滨海植物种类筛选方面主要分析乔木及地被的选择原则,包括选择耐盐碱的植物、棕榈类及开花乔木和开花及色叶地被,最后总结出色彩营造及滨海植物种类筛选对滨海风情的影响。     

Evaluation of surface smoothness by laser displacement sensor 1: effect of wood species

The best methods for determining surface roughness in an industrial environment are of the noncontact variety, with reproduction of the profile. The objective of this work was to compare the roughness profile obtained by a contact stylus with a commercial laser displacement sensor (LDS). Measurements were done using 15 wood species with different densities and colors, based on which special triangle profiles were prepared. The accuracy of the laser sensor was examined by statistical analysis of roughness parameters measured from the profiles. Experimental results show that LDS profiles were imitated correctly. However, LDS accuracy depends on the scanned wood properties (density and color), installation position of the sensor, and profile shape. It was found that evaluation of dark and high-density wooden surfaces was imperfect.Part of this work was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000; and at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001     

Harvesting and postharvest handling practices and characteristics of Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.) fruits: a survey of roadside markets in Malawi

Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.), a highly valued indigenous fruit species, is being domesticated to increase its utilization in southern Africa. Vendors, who were also the fruit gatherers, that were selling U. kirkiana fruits at roadside markets in Dedza, Malawi, were interviewed on four occasions during the marketing season (October 2003–January 2004) and fruit samples were concurrently sampled from each vendor. Information was obtained on when and how the fruits had been harvested and handled. Timing of fruit harvest was based on experience, aided by indicators such as occurrence of first heavy rains, natural abscission, size and color changes. Harvesting by knocking down unripe fruits from trees was practiced throughout the␣season, but naturally abscised fruits were also gathered in December and January. Fruits harvested when mature but unripe required incubation in soil, plain and woven plastic bags or clay-pots. The incubation method changed and the duration of incubation decreased between October (3–4 days) and January (≤2 days). Fruit samples were evaluated for damage, color and soluble solids concentration (SSC). Fruit SSC and color lightness/brightness (L*) increased from 10.1 to 16.4% (P<0.01) and from 45.7 to 50.5 units, (P<0.01), respectively. Higher SSC values were generally associated (R ²=0.68, P<0.001) with increasing pulp color intensity. Cracking, at 48%, constituted the most common form of damage in sampled fruits. On average, fruits were saleable for only 3–4 days, this being attributed to inherent fruit characteristics combined with immaturity at harvest, and damage during harvesting and storage in hot dry conditions. Lack of appropriate harvesting and handling techniques were associated with fruit darkening, drying, rotting and other postharvest problems.     

彩叶植物呈色机理及光合特性研究进展

 本文在阐述彩叶植物的定义及分类的基础上, 介绍了呈色机理的研究进展, 总结了环境因子对叶片呈色的影响, 并归纳了近年来对彩叶植物光合特性的研究, 最后提出了彩叶植物未来的研究重点。     

New degreening treatments to improve the quality of citrus fruit combining different periods with and without ethylene exposure

In the Mediterranean area, early-season citrus fruit reach acceptable internal maturity standards for marketing, while the fruit are still green. A degreening treatment is widely used as a postharvest practice to improve the external color. Nevertheless, the application of ethylene during this treatment can be associated with calyx senescence. The aim of this study was to evaluate new degreening treatments in order to reduce this disorder. ‘Clemenules’ mandarins and ‘Navelina’ oranges, harvested at different external colors, were submitted to different degreening treatments, combining periods with and without ethylene exposure. In both cultivars, the periods without ethylene exposure during degreening reduced the incidence of calyx disorders. To obtain a typical ‘Clemenules’ variety color with the lowest incidence of calyx alteration, the optimum degreening treatment was based on 72 h with ethylene and 48 h without ethylene when fruit were harvested with a color index of between −9 and −3. On the other hand, a treatment of 24 h with ethylene plus 48 h without ethylene is recommended for fruit with an external color index higher than −2. For ‘Navelina’ oranges, highly sensitive to calyx senescence during degreening, a treatment consisting of 24 h with ethylene plus 48 h without ethylene is recommended, which involves harvesting the fruit with a color index of over 0.     

响应曲面法优化青花椒护色工艺

[目的]探索青花椒护色的最佳工艺条件。[方法]选取新鲜青花椒为原料,研究了护色剂、抗氧化剂、pH和杀菌条件对护色的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,选择CuSO4浓度、VC浓度和杀菌时间3个影响较大的因素,以色差值为指标,采用响应面试验优化新鲜青花椒护色条件。[结果]新鲜青花椒的最佳护色工艺为CuSO4浓度550 mg/L、VC溶液浓度1 000 mg/L、杀菌时间20 min。在此条件下处理后的青花椒在第15天的色差为10。[结论]该研究可为青花椒的护色研究提供理论和试验依据。