小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及 Psy-A1 与 Ppo-A1 等位变异检测

为研究小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及其与两个色泽相关基因等位变异之间的关系,以我国主要麦区17个大面积推广品种及1个优异品系为材料,进行面粉和鲜面片色泽分析和 Psy-A1 、 Ppo-A1 基因等位变异检测。结果表明,扬麦18、泛麦5号、扬麦9号、平安7号、扬麦20面粉和鲜面片色泽均比较好,亮度高,黄度低,携有优异等位变异;川麦42是优异的低黄度种质资源,但亮度需提升。面粉和鲜面片的L~*值间、a~*值间、b~*值间均呈极显著正相关,L~*值与a~*、b~*值均呈极显著负相关,a~*值和b~*值无显著相关性。 Psy-A1主要引起鲜面片a~*值和b~*值显著变化;对a~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ;对b~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ; Ppo-A1 对面粉及鲜面片的b~*值、鲜面片放置2 h和4 h的L~*值有显著影响;对b~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a ;对L~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a 。4个等位变异组合仅对鲜面片黄度b~*值有极显著影响, Ppo-A1a/ Psy-A1a 基因型最高,其他三种基因型差异不显著。因此,改良小麦面粉和面制品色泽应注意淘汰 Ppo-A1a / Psy-A1a 基因型,高世代需加强面制品色泽的筛选鉴定。     

色彩在景观设计中的应用

在现代景观的体验过程中,色彩是由视觉而感知的,它既依附于具象的实体,也依赖于光这一抽象的实体而存在。该研究通过分析色彩的视觉属性、心理知觉,对现代景观设计中的色彩进行解析,从色彩在场所文化中的应用、色彩技法在景观设计中的体现几方面来阐述色彩在景观设计中的应用类型和应用方法。     

富士苹果果皮色泽形成的需光特性研究

富士苹果果皮中的花青苷有两次积累期,其中９月初至１０月初为迅速积累时期。果实着色的适宜光照强度范围为相对全光照的４０％￣８５％。促进果实红色形成的照光最大效率期为果实采收前４５ｄ内。红光（６４０ｎｍ）处理颗粒可提高果皮提高果皮细胞膜透性,并刺激果实内乙烯生成。花青苷生物代谢最终产物的生成需要白色光照射,整个生长期单一红光或紫光处理抑制花青苷的形成。     

Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds

Heat stress in cattle causes decreases in feed intake and feed efficiency; in extreme cases, it can cause death. These losses amount to millions of dollars each year. A study was designed to determine severity of heat stress among four breeds of cattle. Throughout two summers, 256 feedlot heifers of four different breeds were observed. Respiration rates, panting scores, and surface temperatures were taken twice each day on 10 animals/breed for several weeks during the summers of 2002 and 2003. Twenty-four-hour behavior measurements were recorded for four heat-stress and four thermoneutral days. Results showed during the afternoon, Angus cattle (black) had the highest respiration rates, panting scores, and surface temperatures, followed by the MARC III (dark red), Gelbvieh (tan), and Charolais (white). Behavior data showed that heat stress increased drinking and standing behavior, and decreased eating, lying, and agonistic behaviors, and that dark-hided cattle adjusted their behavior more than light-hided cattle. Overall, it was found that breed of cattle with dark-hides were more affected by temperature changes and at peak temperatures than breeds of cattle with light-hides.     

Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers

Heat stress in cattle results in millions of dollars in lost revenue each year due to production losses, and in extreme cases, death. Death losses are more likely to result from animals vulnerable to heat stress. A study was conducted to determine risk factors for heat stress in feedlot heifers. Over two consecutive summers, a total of 256 feedlot heifers (32/ breed/ year) of four breeds were observed. As a measure of stress, respiration rates and panting scores were taken twice daily (morning and afternoon) on a random sample of 10 heifers/ breed. Weights, condition scores, and temperament scores were taken on 28-day intervals during the experiment. Health history from birth to slaughter was available for every animal used in this study. It was found that at temperatures above 25 °C, dark-hided animals were 25% more stressed than light-colored; a history of respiratory pneumonia increased stress level by 10.5%; each level of fatness increased stress level by approximately 10%; and excitable animals had a 3.2% higher stress level than calm animals. Not only did the stress level increase with these risk factors, but average daily gain was reduced. The Charolais cattle gained significantly more than all other breeds of cattle tested. Calm cattle gained 5% more than excitable cattle. Finally, cattle treated for pneumonia gained approximately 8% slower than non-treated cattle. The results of this study have not only revealed heat stress risk factors of breed (color), condition score (fatness), temperament, and health history (treated or not treated for pneumonia), but have also shown the effectiveness of using respiration rate as an indicator of heat stress.     

不同光质膜对草莓果实品质的影响

 研究了相同光强下不同光质对‘丰香’草莓果实品质的影响。结果表明, 绿膜、中性膜、黄膜、蓝膜、红膜下生长的果实依次越来越红、越来越暗。果实色度值以红膜下的最大, 其次为中性膜处理,黄膜比中性膜处理略小但差异不显著, 绿膜处理最小, 这与不同膜透射的红橙光比例一致。不同膜处理的果实抗坏血酸含量高低与不同膜透射的紫外光和蓝紫光成分比例一致, 与红光/蓝光比值相反。红膜下的草莓产量最高、果实最大、着色最好, 蓝膜下的草莓果实含糖量、可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比均最高, 绿膜下产量最低、果实最小、着色差且含糖量最低。     

Temperature affects color and quality characteristics of ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs

Red color plays a very important role when wax apple fruits are purchased. Temperature is one of the key factors among those influencing red color development. We evaluated the effects of temperature on color formation and other quality characteristics of ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs by using constant, slow-increase, fast-increase, transient shifting to high temperature, shifting to high temperature for different length of time and different day/night temperature regimes. The results show temperature has pronounced effects on quality attributes of wax apple fruit discs. Anthocyanin and total soluble solid (TSS) were greatest in the 20 °C treated discs under constant temperatures. In the slow-increase and fast-increase treatments, quality attributes in disc were better in treatments with a final temperature of 25 °C than of 30 °C. The concentration of soluble sugars (SS), starch, total phenolic compounds (TPC), free amino acids (FAA) and soluble protein (SP) all decreased with increasing temperature. Transient shifting to high temperature of 30 °C for 1-day had no effect on pigmentation but treatment periods from 3- to 5-days had a substantial adverse effect. At 30 °C for 5-days, exposed discs had the lightest weight and shortest diameter as well. Both SS and TPC decreased in the 3- and 5-day treatments. When temperature was shifted from 20 to 30 °C for 2 to 11 days, the widest and heaviest discs were found in the 5-day treatment. Anthocyanin and TSS concentration decreased following increased length of exposure to high temperature. Pigmentation of discs exposed to high temperature treatment was worse than in uncultured controls. Both protein and FAA concentrations decreased after culture. Among the 5 different day/night temperature combinations, discs under 25/20 °C had the highest anthocyanin and TSS concentrations, while those under 30/15 °C had the worst.     

浅析《紫色》中的对话意识

艾丽丝·沃克（Alice walker）的著名作品《紫色》之所以获得巨大的成功，除了作者以其新颖的构思和独特的手法为我们展示了一个丰富的世界，并展现了许多美国社会当前的重大问题以外，更重要的是作者在其中所体现的对话意识。     

宝鸡地区彩色植物及园林应用初探

通过对宝鸡地区彩色植物资源调查,发现有观赏价值的彩色植物60余种,并对其园林应用现状进行分析和阐述,为宝鸡地区彩色植物保护开发与利用提供了有意义的借鉴。     

Effects of heat treatment on brittleness of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Styrax tonkinensis</Emphasis> wood

A new approach is proposed for the evaluation of the brittleness of heat-treated Styrax tonkinensis wood. Heat treatment made wood more brittle when wood was heated at a higher temperature or for a longer time. The brittleness increased to four times that of the control when wood was heated at 200°C for 12 h. For treatment at 160°C, the increase in brittleness without any change in weight is thought to be possibly caused by the relocation of lignin molecules. At higher temperatures, loss of amorphous polysaccharides due to degradation is thought to become the main factor affecting brittleness. The crystallites that were newly formed after 2 h of treatment showed brittleness that was different from that of the inherent crystallites remaining after 12 h of heat treatment. This inherent crystalline cellulose possibly plays a role in brittleness. There is also the possibility of using color to predict the brittleness of heat-treated wood.