我国酿酒葡萄抗寒育种的回顾与展望

人民生活水平的提高为葡萄酒产业提供了很大的发展空间。我国葡萄酒主产区之一的东北(包括内蒙古北部),由于冬季严寒和无霜期短,不适于欧亚种酿酒葡萄品种栽培,因此开展酿酒葡萄抗寒育种研究具有重要的实际意义。阐述了半个世纪来我国山葡萄品种选育和应用山葡萄×欧亚种、山-欧F1×山葡萄、山-欧F1×欧亚种、山-欧F1×山-欧F14种杂交模式进行种间杂交选育抗寒酿造葡萄品种方面取得的研究进展。并重点讨论了21世纪我国酿酒葡萄抗寒育种发展的技术路线。     

Contamination of internationally traded wheat by herbicide‐resistant Lolium rigidum

As herbicide‐resistant weeds have spread in the agricultural fields of grain‐exporting countries, their seeds could be introduced into other countries as contaminants in imported grain. The spread of resistance genes through seed and pollen can cause significant economic loss. In order to assess the extent of the problem, we investigated the contamination by herbicide‐resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) of wheat imported from Western Australia into Japan. Annual ryegrass seeds were recovered from wheat shipments and seed bioassays were conducted to identify resistance to the herbicides that are commonly used in Australia: diclofop‐methyl, sethoxydim, chlorsulfuron, and glyphosate. Nearly 4500 ryegrass seeds were detected in 20 kg of wheat that was imported in both 2006 and 2007. About 35% and 15% of the seeds were resistant to diclofop‐methyl, 5% and 6% were resistant to sethoxydim, and 56% and 60% were resistant to chlorsulfuron in 2006 and 2007, respectively. None was resistant to glyphosate in either year. As the contamination of crops by herbicide‐resistant weeds is probably a common phenomenon, the monitoring of incoming grain shipments is necessary to stem the further spread of herbicide‐resistant weeds into importing countries.     

小麦高温抗条锈性的组织病理学和超微结构变化

为了进一步弄清高温抗条锈病的抗性机制，利用荧光显微技术和电镜技术研究了高温抗条锈性品种小偃6号的组织病理学特征和超微结构变化。结果表明：在高温抗条锈性表达时，病斑周围寄主细胞发生坏死和木质化，在高温处理24h，坏死细胞和木质化细胞数分别为初期的17．1和23．8倍。从超微结构观察，在高温抗条锈性表达时，侵染点附近寄主细胞壁表面凹凸不平、粗糙，细胞壁的厚度也较健康细胞厚。之后，细胞内的细胞器消解，仅有沿细胞壁分布的原生质和残存的一些颗粒状物质。     

鸡毒支原体研究概况

鸡毒支原体(MG)是对养禽业危害很大的支原体,主要导致禽类慢性呼吸道疾病(CRD),以禽的结膜炎、产蛋率及饲料转换率下降、屠宰率下降等为主要特征。MG可通过垂直和水平传播方式在鸡群中传播,每年给全球家禽产业带来巨大经济损失。随着对MG细胞表面抗原黏附素蛋白(pMGA)和PvpA、GapA的结构与功能研究的深入,K株、TG5株等MG疫苗研究也取得较大进展。由于抗生素的滥用,MG基因中也发生耐药突变,产生了QRDRs等抗药结构,导致MG在耐药性上也出现新的特点。论文主要对国内外MG的疫苗开发、耐药情况和检测技术等进行综述,旨在对家禽MG的综合防控提供借鉴。     

Effect of biofilm formation on antimicrobial tolerance of Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Treatment of bacterial fish diseases can be complicated by resistant bacterial biofilms harbouring pathogenic bacteria and causing recurrent exposure of fish to infections. In this study, the effect of biofilm formation on antimicrobial tolerance was examined using three bacterial isolates of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum and two antimicrobial agents, oxytetracycline and flumequine, commonly used in aquaculture. Planktonic and biofilm cells were exposed to a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), to a 3 × MIC concentration and to an environmental concentration level of each antimicrobial in 96-well microtitre plates after which growth on agar plates was measured. The type strain NCIMB1947 of F. psychrophilum was further used to study the development of antimicrobial resistance in biofilm cells. The results suggest that at high bacterial densities (>10(7) CFU mL(-1)), biofilm cells of F. psychrophilum are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the results imply that biofilm cells of F. psychrophilum may rapidly develop resistance to both oxytetracycline and flumequine if exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of these antimicrobials.     

锥栗对栗瘿蜂抗性与营养元素关系研究

通过测定不同抗性锥栗品种叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu等7种营养元素的含量,研究锥栗品种对栗瘿蜂抗性与营养元素的关系。研究结果表明:K元素与锥栗品种的抗虫性有关,当锥栗受栗瘿蜂危害时,高抗品种植株内K含量下降到较低的水平,高感品种的K含量保持在较高的水平;N、P、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu等6种营养元素与锥栗品种的抗栗瘿蜂性无关。     

硼铬稀土共渗层的耐磨性和抗咬合性

为了推广固体硼铬稀土共渗技术,需对硼铬稀土共渗层的摩擦磨损行为进行试验研究。本文利用ＭＭ２００型磨损试验机对比研究了４５钢硼铬稀土共渗层和硼化物层的耐磨性和抗咬合性,并对磨损机理进行探讨。结果表明,由于硼铬稀土共渗层表层组织和高温氧化物膜较为致密等原因,故与硼化物层相比,具有较高的耐磨性和承载能力。     

番茄早疫病菌抗感异菌脲菌株特性研究

测定不同营养条件、温度和pH值对番茄早疫病菌抗感异菌脲菌株生长的影响。结果表明,抗感菌株均在以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基中生长最快,敏感菌株在以可溶性淀粉为碳源的培养基中生长最快,突变体和抗性菌株在以乳糖为碳源的培养基上生长最快。突变体在pH值为7时生长最快而敏感菌株在pH值为6时生长最快,在不同pH值条件下,敏感菌株都比突变体生长速度快。在4～35℃菌丝均能生长,以20～25℃生长最快。测定抗感菌株对渗透压的敏感性和菌丝内的甘油、可溶性糖含量。结果发现,突变体比亲本菌株对渗透压具有较高的敏感性,所有抗性菌株在含高于10g/LNaCl的PDA平板上菌落直径随着NaCl质量浓度的升高而减小,在含高于40g/LNaCl的平板上停止生长。含药培养液中敏感菌株菌丝内甘油合成大量增加和积累,突变体和抗性菌株菌丝内甘油含量增加较少或有所下降,菌丝内可溶性糖含量变化不明显。     

Chemical mutagenesis and soybean mutants potential for identification of novel genes conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode

The resistance of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), which is a devastating pathogen in soybean production and causes a large quantity of annual yield loss worldwide, can shift during the long-term interaction and domestication. It is vital to identify more new resistance genetic sources for identification of novel genes underlying resistance to SCN for management of this pathogen. In the present study, first, two ethane methylsulfonate-mutagenesis soybean M2 populations of PI 437654, which shows a broad resistance to almost all of SCN races, and Zhonghuang 13, which is a soybean cultivar in China conferring strong resistance to lodging, were developed. Many types of morphological phenotypes such as four- and five-leaflet leaves were observed from these two soybean M2 populations. Second, 13 mutants were identified and confirmed to exhibit alteration of resistance to SCN race 4 through the forward genetic screening of 400 mutants of the PI 437654 M2 population, the rate of mutants with alteration of SCN-infection phenotype is 3.25%. Third, these identified mutants were further verified not to show any changes in the genomic sequences of the three known SCN-resistant genes, GmSHMT08, GmSNAP18 and GmSANP11, compared to the wild-type soybean; and all of them were still resistant to SCN race 3 similar to the wild-type soybean. Taken together, we can conclude that the 13 mutants identified in the present study carry the mutations of the new gene(s) which contribute(s) to the resistance to SCN race 4 in PI 437654 and can be potentially used as the genetic soybean sources to further identify the novel SCN-resistant gene(s).     

云南茶种质资源主要性状鉴定和评价利用

对云南茶树资源主要性状系统鉴定的结果表明：茶树１芽３叶开展日期与有效积温呈显著相关性;形态特征从乔木到灌木都呈有规律的变化;抗寒性强弱和氨基酸含量与叶片栅栏组织厚／海棉组织厚之值有不同程度的相关性;云南茶树的酯酶同工酶（ＥＳＴ）谱带较简单,其中有３条基本酶谱带．根据品质评定结果,筛选出２１份优质资源可供生产或育种利用．