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61.
    
In organic systems of agriculture, integrated control strategies are necessary for the management of late blight. Agronomic treatments such as presprouting of seed tubers, planting early and in different populations and spacings should be considered for inclusion. They may delay and/or decrease infection and help to ensure that acceptable marketable yields are achieved before the disease prevails. Individually, their efficacy may be limited, but in combination with other components the integrated strategy may be more successful. Experiments in the UK and the Netherlands tested some potential components of such a strategy: presprouting (chitting) and early planting of seed tubers, which should encourage early bulking and evasion of the disease; choice of plant population and configuration to make the crops’ microclimate less favourable for infection. Both early planting and presprouting (chitting) gave higher yields earlier in the season, before late blight put an end to crop growth, and were most effective in years with a short growing season (e.g., when the disease started early). Plant population and spacings within commercially acceptable limits had marked effects on canopy architecture but no effects on late blight infection. However, the effects on tuber size grading were large. At lower densities, tubers were larger on average. This was an advantage when blight infection was early, but could result in the production of too many oversized tubers if it was delayed or absent, unless the crop was defoliated.  相似文献   
62.
    
Aleurotrachelus socialis is one of the most important pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Neotropics. In Colombia, high whitefly populations can reduce crop yields by 79%; and although the farmers intensify the use of insecticides, this practice is highly contaminating, costly and leads to the development of resistance in the insect. An alternative for managing whitefly populations is to develop genetically resistant varieties. Wild parents of Manihot are a useful source of genes against pests for the cultivated species of cassava. Based on prior research that showed the existence of moderate-to-high levels of resistance to A. socialis in Manihot flabellifolia, a wild species of cassava, this study was proposed to characterize this new source of resistance, evaluating the biology and demographics of A. socialis on eight accessions of M. flabellifolia, a susceptible check (CMC-40) and a resistant (MEcu72) check. The averages of A. socialis longevity and fecundity on the accessions were not significantly different to MEcu72, but different from CMC-40 (P < 0.05). Development time was not significantly different, ranging from 35–40 days on accessions and MEcu72 and 33.5 days on CMC-40 (P < 0.05). In contrast, the population growth rate (rm) was significantly lower on the M. flabellifolia accessions, with Fla 61 standing out with a growth rate 98 and 99% less than that obtained on MEcu72 and CMC-40, respectively. Once the resistant levels have been identified to A. socialis on the M. flabellifolia accessions, interspecific crosses of M. esculenta subsp. M. flabellifolia and backcross programs could be developed to incorporate the desirable characteristics from the wild relatives into elite progenitors of M. esculenta.  相似文献   
63.
    
Uromyces viciae-fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae-fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae-fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species.  相似文献   
64.
为明确不同木薯品种的叶片组织结构与抗朱砂叶螨的关系,通过对木薯田间螨害情况的调查,计算出感、抗性稳定的感螨品种华南101、华南124和抗螨品种华南7号、华南13号的螨害指数,同时对叶片的相关物理性状进行测定,分析了叶片厚度、蜡质含量和气孔密度与木薯抗朱砂叶螨的关系。结果表明:4份木薯种质华南101、华南124、华南7号和华南13号的螨害指数依次为89.2%、65.8%、38.3%和0.8%;木薯叶片厚度与螨害指数呈显著负相关;气孔密度与螨害指数呈显著正相关;蜡质含量与螨害指数无显著相关性。上述结果为深入探究木薯抗螨机制提供了初步的理论基础。  相似文献   
65.
为了明确陆稻在不同逆境胁迫下的抗性表现,利用云南省4个稻瘟病菌优势小种对30个云南陆稻品种进行抗稻瘟病鉴定,并对其进行抗旱性评价及SSR多样性分析。结果表明:抗病能力中等以上品种占所检测品种的60%,抗旱能力中等以上品种占所有供试品种的66.7%,平均有效等位基因数为1.097 5、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.077 8;相关分析结果显示,供试品种的抗瘟性与抗旱性间存在显著的相关关系。本研究结果表明,供试品种间存在丰富的遗传多样性变异,且在面临不同逆境胁迫时具有相近的抗性表现,使得育种过程中培育兼具较好抗瘟、抗旱能力的栽培稻新品种成为可能。  相似文献   
66.
67.
知识经济时代的来临,科学技术的飞速发展,从根本上改变了人们的生活方式和社会的生产方式,使社会经济环境变得比以往更复杂、更快速,引起全球的剧烈竞争,演绎出一个全新的市场。综述了中国的新市场新特征。  相似文献   
68.
    
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Origanum onites L. essential oil as feed additives on the growth performance, antioxidant activity and disease resistance of rainbow trout. Fish (26.05 ± 0.15 g) were fed the experimental diets supplemented with four different concentrations (0.125, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0 mL kg?1) of O. onites essential oil for 90 days. Fish fed diets containing essential oil of O. onites had significantly higher final weight than the control group. Feed conversion ratio in fish fed diets containing 1.5 and 3.0 mL kg?1 essential oil of O. onites was improved than other treatments (P < 0.05). The lowest feed conversion efficiency ratio was recorded in the 0.125 mL kg?1 group of O. onites. Antioxidant status of fish was assayed for levels of plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasma catalase (CAT) activity. Lysozyme activity in plasma was significantly higher in fish fed diet containing 3.0 mL kg?1 essential oil of O. onites (P < 0.05). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish were challenged with Lactococcus garvieae and cumulative mortality was recorded over 15 days. Dietary administration of 0.125, 1.5 and 2.5 mL kg?1 O. onites significantly reduced fish mortality (P < 0.05). The 3.0 mL kg?1 diet showed no mortality after challenged with L. garvieae. These results suggested that the essential oil of O. onites could be applied as growth promoter and also improved disease resistance when added to rainbow trout feed.  相似文献   
69.
不同种源地沙枣种子在萌发期的耐盐性比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)是一种耐盐碱、耐干旱、耐贫瘠的木本粮食树种,在我国西北地区广泛种植,因其优良特性,近几年来,人们尝试在盐碱地区和退耕贫瘠地区引种。本研究共收集了11个不同种源地的沙枣种子,分别用不同浓度NaCl(0%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和1.2%)处理,统计在不同处理条件下沙枣种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,并利用隶属函数对不同种源地沙枣种子萌发期的耐盐性进行排序。结果表明,11个种源地沙枣萌发期耐盐性由强到弱顺序为:甘肃民勤大果沙枣、甘肃石羊河大果沙枣、宁夏银北沙枣、新疆大果沙枣、新疆吐鲁番大果沙枣、新疆吐鲁番沙枣、甘肃金昌沙枣、宁夏陶乐沙枣、甘肃临泽沙枣、甘肃民勤沙枣、宁夏中宁沙枣。并选出适于在黄河三角洲引种的甘肃石羊河大果沙枣、新疆吐鲁番沙枣和宁夏陶乐沙枣。  相似文献   
70.
    
Late blight (LB), caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) worldwide. Due to the emergence of new and aggressive P. infestans isolates, identifying new genetic resistance to LB is a priority in tomato breeding. Recently, we reported the identification of several Solanum pimpinellifolium accessions with strong LB resistance. In this study, we investigated the utility of resistant accession PI 163245 for tomato breeding by examining heritability (h2) of resistance and the response to selection for resistance. Estimates of h2 based on F2 : F3 and F3 : F4 parent : offspring correlation analyses averaged 0.79 and 0.94, respectively, suggesting the heritable nature of LB resistance in PI 163245. Analysis of response to selection for resistance from F2 to F4 generations indicated a realized h2 of 0.63, confirming the utility of this resistance in tomato breeding. Two methods of estimating the minimum number of loci involved indicated the presence of one major resistance locus. Currently, genetic mapping and breeding efforts are underway to further confirm the viability of this accession for improving tomato LB resistance.  相似文献   
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