Wild relatives of pigeonpea as a source of resistance to the pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch) and pod wasp (Tanaostigmodes cajaninae La Salle)

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is an important legume crop in South Asia, East and southern Africa, and the Caribbean. Pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch) and pod wasp (Tanaostigmodes cajaninae La Salle) are important constraints to increase the production and productivity of pigeonpea under subsistence farming conditions. Host plant-resistance can be used as an important component for the management of these pests, and therefore, we evaluated 28 accessions of wild relatives of pigeonpea for resistance to these pests. There were significant inter- and intra-species differences in the relative susceptibility to pod fly and pod wasp damage. Accessions belonging to Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars, C. sericeus (Benth. ex Bak.) van der Maesen, Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. ex Bak., C. acutifolius (F.v. Muell.) van der Maesen, C. lineatus (W. & A.) van der Maesen, and C. albicans (W. & A.) van der Maesen showed resistance to pod fly damage, while those from C. platycarpus (Benth.) van der Maesen, C. cajanifolius (Haines) van der Maesen and R. aurea DC. were susceptible. For the pod wasp, some of the accessions from C. scarabaeoides, C. albicans, Flemingia stricta Roxb., and R. bracteata (Roxb.) Wight showed a resistant reaction, while ICPW 83 belonging to C. scarabaeoides showed a susceptible reaction. ICPW 141, ICPW 278, and ICPW 280 (C. scarabaeoides), ICPW 214 (R. bracteata), ICPW 14 (C. albicans), and ICPW 202 (F. stricta) showed resistance to both pod fly and pod wasp damage. There was considerable variation in accessions belonging to different species for their susceptibility to pod fly and pod wasp, which can be exploited to breed for resistance to these pests. There was a negative association between pod wasp and pod borer damage, and therefore, it is important to keep track of the relative susceptibility of pigeonpea genotypes to pod wasp, while breeding for resistance to pod borers.     

东乡野生稻苗期和穗期的耐寒性研究

东乡野生稻苗期和抽穗开花期的耐寒性表现：比粳稻耐寒性强，尤其苗期耐寒性特强，耐寒性高１个等级。抽穗开花期在连续３ｄ自然低温（１６．９℃、１４．９℃、１６℃的日平均温度），结实率达７０％以上。抽穗结实时间直至１０月３１日，平均结实率２．５％。比籼粳稻耐寒品种结实期长６ｄ左右，但抽穗能结实正常时期与籼粳稻耐寒品种相似。     

解决书架层面书本大量倒伏的方法尝试

结合工作实践,分析在开架管理模式下造成的书架架面书本大量倒伏的原因,提出从改装书立的方法入手,用增大书立底面摩擦阻力的方法减少架面图书倒伏现象。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and enrofloxacin resistance of streptococcal bacteria from farmed Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) in Thailand

This study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility and mutation(s) in quinolone resistance‐determining regions (QRDRs) in streptococcal pathogens isolated from farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in Thailand. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility in tilapia streptococcal pathogens reveals that Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 97) and Streptococcus iniae (n = 3) from diseased tilapia were susceptible to amoxicillin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, however, only 78 isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Twenty‐two enrofloxacin‐resistant S. agalactiae isolates were further examined for mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes. Twenty isolates had single base pair changed in the gyrA sequence, C‐242‐T. Point mutations in gyrB, GC‐1135, 1136‐AA and T‐1466‐G, were identified in one isolate. All resistant isolates harboured a mutation in the parC gene, C‐236‐A, while no mutations were observed in the parE gene. The study represented mutations of gyrA and parC genes as marked modification of the enrofloxacin‐resistant S. agalactiae from farmed tilapia. This study is a primary report of the QRDRs mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance from streptococcal pathogen in the cultured fish. The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enrofloxacin resistance S. agalactiae evident in this study has led to an improved regulation of antimicrobial use in Thai aquaculture.     

栽培措施及其互作对北方春玉米产量及耐密性的调控作用

【目的】探明不同栽培措施及其交互对北方春玉米产量和耐密性的调控效应及其对产量的贡献率。【方法】2013—2014年以密植高产玉米品种中单909为试验材料,设置45 000、60 000、75 000、90 000和105 000株/hm~2 5个种植密度,栽培措施采用深松(S)、宽窄行种植(W)以及化控(C)处理,通过裂裂区设计形成不同的栽培模式。以产量为基础分别对不同措施组合进行通径分析、因子回归及交互效应比较分析,并结合气象数据对不同措施下的资源效率因子进行逐步回归分析。【结果】综合模式中化控处理(C)对产量具有显著的直接作用(贡献率27%—41%),这种作用在于仅靠化控处理即可增密1.17万株/hm~2;宽窄行(W)对产量的调控作用在不同组合间存在明显差异,而深松(S)对产量的调控则以间接作用为主(贡献率24%—37%),但深松与宽窄行组合较常规(RU)产量增加11.28%。密植条件下多项措施互作产量增益显著高于双项措施和单项措施,相较于常规模式(RU),正常年份(2013年)多项、双项及单项措施的增幅分别为31.27%、15.57%和7.96%,少雨年份(2014)增幅分别为15.02%、11.32%和5.65%,其产量的增加主要是由于群体耐密性的提高以及光能利用效率(RUE)、积温效率(GUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)的同步调控,最终实现了综合措施下的玉米高产高效。【结论】多项措施互作模式(SWC)玉米的产量增益最大,较传统模式最佳密度增加6.27万株/hm~2,实现产量增益11.91%,这主要归因于栽培措施及其互作对玉米群体耐密性的优化以及密植群体资源效率的调控作用。     

甘肃旱地土壤的持水能力与抗旱能力

对甘肃中部及陇东地区的几种旱地黄绵土、黑沪土及褐土等土壤的持水能力及抗旱能力进行了初步研究。几种土壤的田间持水量（３０ＫＰａ时的含水量）为１６０～２４０ｇｋｇ￣（－１），有效水含量在８８～１７９ｇｋｇ￣（－１）之间，据此得出几种土壤１ｍ土层中有效水贮量变动在１３５～２１６ｍｍ之间。通过对土壤基质持水能力及持水特征的比较分析，认为褐土、红土抗旱能力最差，而几种黄绵土的抗旱能力相当强。黄绵土结构状况差、坡度大造成降雨入侵慢、影响深层贮水是造成生产上干旱严重的原因。     

用转基因方法进行抗线虫农作物育种的研究进展

在许多农作物中,植物寄生线虫引起重大损失。有幸的是,某些植物对线虫有抗性,而且存在于栽培种和其近亲野生种中的抗性基因,可以用分子标记方法建立图谱。标记辅助的选择方法已广泛应用于育种工作中,两种抗线虫的基因已经通过定位克隆技术分离出来,并成功地在栽培作物中得到表达。建立线虫抗性的另一个方法是将具有杀线剂效应的基因导入植物中,该方法也已取得了一些进展。     

一种电流输出的R-2R电阻网络误差校正算法

文中给出一个R－2R电阻网络的新的校正算法。被应用的R－2RT型电阻网络主要是由集成电路实现的，但电阻的公差限制了它的线性。应用校正技术，可以提高其线性度。Cutscky以前曾提出了一种应用于Cutscky R-2R电阻网络的校正算法。据此，可推导出针对电流输出的T型电阻网络的类似的算法。笔者着重介绍了倒T型电阻网络的校正算法。