Integrated Management of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers for Enhancing Paddy Yield and the Nutrient Content of Rice Cultivars

The integrated nutrient management with organic manure and chemical fertilizers can improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, soil health, and fertility. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on the yield and nutrient content of wetland rice under field conditions. It was conducted in northern Iran in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Two local rice cultivars, Tarom Hashemi and Tarom Mahalli, were chosen as the first factor; mineral fertilizers in four levels: 100% recommended nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), 75% recommended nitrogen with 100% phosphorus-potassium (PK), 75% recommended phosphorus with 100% nitrogen-potassium (NK), and 75% recommended potassium with 100% nitrogen-phosphorus (NP), were selected based on soil analysis and were arranged as the second factor; and three levels of organic manures, namely zero and eight tons of vermicompost per hectare, and 10 tons of rotted manure per hectare was the third factor. Results revealed that the highest paddy yield occurs with vermicompost and manure consumption for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest paddy yield (3962 kg ha^?1) occurs with 100% recommended NPK and vermicompost consumption. For both cultivars, the most chlorophyll a and chlorophyll ab content was produced with application of 100% recommended NPK. The most grain nitrogen content, grain nitrogen uptake, protein content, and protein yield were observed with 100% recommended NPK applied with 10 tons of rotted manure and eight tons of vermicompost usage per hectare. Therefore, in view of the ever-increasing use of chemical fertilizers and irreversible damage thereby, the additional use of these compounds can benefit the environment and human health. The global attention to sustainable agricultural concepts and organic manure can, in addition to producing reasonable yields, be considered as an appropriate alternative to chemical fertilizers.     

参与碳氮磷转化的水解酶对不同施肥响应的差异

本文旨在研究土壤水解酶对不同施肥的响应差异以及影响因素。通过在红壤中添加牛粪有机肥、化肥进行90d的室内土壤培养试验,采用微孔板荧光法动态分析5、30和90d参与碳氮磷转化的土壤水解酶(α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶)活性。与不施肥(对照)相比,在30 d后,化肥处理的总酶活性显著下降,对应的参与碳氮磷转化酶活性均有不同程度下降;而有机肥处理的总酶活性在培养期内均未发生显著变化,但是其α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶显著增加,而磷酸酶活性显著降低。参与碳转化的4种水解酶中,只有α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性对施肥的响应较强,且施加有机肥增加其活性而无机肥则降低其活性;对于参与氮转化的水解酶而言,化肥明显抑制了亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性,而有机肥增加了β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性;磷酸酶活性明显受到有机肥的抑制作用,而对化肥的响应总体不明显。不同水解酶对不同施肥的响应有明显差异,NMDS分析表明,α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶响应最明显,其次为磷酸酶与木聚糖酶;相关和冗余分析显示,土壤p H、可溶性有机碳对酶活性的影响最大,一定程度说明了不同肥料通过影响土壤理化性质进而影响水解酶活性。     

Proximal sensor-enhanced soil mapping in complex soil-landscape areas of Brazil

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO₂ contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素荧光和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探究NO对山葡萄耐盐性影响的生理机制,以1年生双丰山葡萄扦插苗为试材,采用营养液栽培方法,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,外源NO能显著提升盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减少丙二醛(MDA)的产生和积累,保护光合机构免受活性氧伤害,从而提高叶片叶绿素含量;另一方面,外源NO使盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和保护性热耗散(ΦNPQ)升高,而初始荧光(Fo)和非调节性能量耗散(ΦNO)显著下降,表明外源NO通过保护性热耗散机制缓解盐胁迫引起的光抑制,增强光合电子传递效率,进而维持PSⅡ的正常功能,最终提高了山葡萄耐盐性.     

不同剂量VB6、COB对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响

以富士/平邑甜茶(M.hupehensis)二年生幼树为试材,研究盆栽条件下土壤中施加不同剂量的维生素B_6(VB_6)和复合维生素B(C_OB)对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响。于2016年在山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院果树根系实验室进行富士苹果盆栽试验。5月26对富士苹果土施VB_6、C_OB,剂量分别为0,0.02,0.03,0.04g/株。6—10月测定外源维生素条件下苹果幼树株高、茎粗,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,叶绿素相对含量,光合荧光参数以及根系的生长分布状况。研究表明,不同剂量VB_6和C_OB对苹果幼树株高、茎粗,植株生物量,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,光合荧光参数和根系分布情况有不同程度的影响。盆施不同剂量VB_6、C_OB显著改善了植株生长势,叶面积以VB_6 0.03g增加最显著为22%,植株地上部分以C_OB 0.04g处理对植株株高、茎粗和新梢长度增加最显著,株高、茎粗和新梢长度在10月相比对照分别增加了24%,34%和45%,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异;地下部分,VB_6 0.03g与C_O B 0.04g两处理对根系干鲜重、总长度、总体积和总表面积增加尤为显著,根尖数和根系分叉数也显著增加。VB_6 0.02g和C_OB 0.02g剂量下苹果幼树叶片抗氧化酶活性相比对照无显著性差异,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g植株抗性得到显著性增强,抗氧化酶活性显著提高。此外,苹果幼树叶片叶绿素相对含量显著提高、光合荧光特性也得到显著性改善,且VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异。综合研究结果,VB_60.03g/株和C_OB 0.04g/株对苹果幼树的生物学性状和理化性质影响最显著,鉴于C_OB的有效施用剂量和市场价格均高于VB_6,推荐施用VB_6来改善土壤营养条件。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪实验室异位检测法的实用性研究

采用分步取样法验证便携式X射线荧光光谱仪的实验室异位检测法的实用性,以ICP-AES法为基准,对土壤重金属Cr、Cu、As、Pb的含量进行测定,试验中选用70%土壤样品建立一元线性校准模型,30%土壤样品进行校准模型的验证。结果表明,便携式X射线荧光光谱仪实验室异位检测法的检出限分别为Cr 17.7 mg/kg,Cu 10.4 mg/kg,As 5.4 mg/kg,Pb 6.2 mg/kg,均低于国家土壤环境质量一级标准。对国内外标准物质进行多次重复测定,RPD在–8.9%~7.9%,说明仪器在异位测定重金属含量时具有较好的精密度与准确度。分析PXRF法与传统方法测定建立的拟合方程,其决定系数分别为0.817 3、0.787 0、0.673 3和0.722 1,表明PXRF室内异位法可用于土壤重金属Cr、Cu、As、Pb的快速测定;二次采样建立的验证模型R2分别为0.912 4、0.897 9、0.772 3、0.872 9,逐渐靠近理想模型,充分验证PXRF异位法的实用性和校准曲线的准确性,可适用于农田土壤Cr、Cu、As、Pb的快速测定、污染筛查,为土壤重金属速效测定提供有力依据;但仪器在异位测定As元素时准确性降低,建议异位测定时需进行数据校准。     

Spatial modelling of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by a boreal mixedwood forest using a lidar–hyperspectral approach

The spatial variability of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (fPAR) was characterized for a heterogeneous boreal mixedwood forest site located in northern Ontario, Canada, based on relationships found between fPAR and light detection and ranging (lidar) data over different canopy architectures. Estimates of fPAR were derived from radiation measurements made above the canopy at a flux tower and below-canopy radiation was measured across a range of species compositions and canopy architectures. Airborne lidar data were used to characterize spatial variability of canopy structure around the flux tower and a map of mean canopy chlorophyll concentration was derived from airborne hyperspectral imagery. Different volumes of lidar points for the locations directly above each photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor were examined to determine if there is an optimal method of relating lidar returns to estimated fPAR values.The strongest correlations between mean lidar height and fPAR occurred when using points that fell within a theoretical cone which originated at the PAR sensor having a solid angle α = 55°. For diffuse conditions, the correlation (r) between mean lidar height versus fPAR × chlorophyll was stronger than between mean lidar height versus fPAR by 8% for mean daily fPAR and from 10 to 20% for diurnal fPAR, depending on solar zenith angle. For direct light conditions, the relationship was improved by 12% for mean daily fPAR and 12–41% for diurnal relationships.Linear regression models of mean daily fPAR × chlorophyll versus mean lidar height were used in conjunction with gridded lidar data and the canopy chlorophyll map to generate maps of mean daily fPAR for direct and diffuse sunlight conditions. Site average fPAR calculated from these maps was 0.79 for direct light conditions and 0.78 for diffuse conditions. When compared to point estimates of mean daily fPAR calculated on the tower, the average fPAR was significantly lower than the point estimate. Subtracting the direct sunlight fPAR map from the diffuse sunlight fPAR map revealed a distinct spatial pattern showing that areas with open canopies and relatively low chlorophyll (e.g., black spruce patches) have a higher fPAR under direct sunlight conditions, while closed canopies with higher chlorophyll (e.g., deciduous species) absorb more PAR under diffuse conditions. These findings have implications for scaling from point measurements at flux towers to larger resolution satellite imagery and addressing local scale heterogeneity in flux tower footprints.     

不同水分与养分水平对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过对玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的测定，发现这些参数均受诸如水分、光热、养分等外界条件的影响。水分对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著，随着水分的降低，玉米叶片的基础荧光增大，而可变荧光、PSⅡ光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性显著降低，因此，只要选择合适的测定时间，加快测定速度，叶绿素荧光可作为研究判断玉米水分胁迫程度的理想指标。     

茶树叶绿素合成相关基因克隆及在白叶1号不同白化阶段的表达

高等植物叶绿素的生物合成对其正常光合作用起关键作用。本文根据前期芯片杂交结果, 采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆了3个茶树叶绿素合成相关基因, 分别为谷氨酸-tRNA还原酶(CsGluTR)、叶绿素合酶(CsChlS)、叶绿素酸醋氧化酶(CsCAO), 对应的GenBank的登录号为HQ660371、HQ660370、HQ660369。序列分析表明, CsGluTR基因全长2165 bp, 开放阅读框长1665 bp, 编码554个氨基酸, 推测的蛋白分子量约为60.6 kD, 理论等电点为8.78;CsChlS基因全长1463 bp, 其中开放阅读框长1125 bp, 编码374个氨基酸, 推测的蛋白分子量约为40.5 kD, 理论等电点为8.58;CsCAO基因全长2146 bp, 其中开放阅读框长1611 bp, 编码536个氨基酸, 推测的蛋白分子量约为60.8 kD, 理论等电点为8.03。比对分析表明, 3个基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他植物中同源基因的相似性均在70%以上。利用荧光定量PCR技术检测3个基因在不同白化阶段的表达,表明, CsChlS和CsCAO基因具有明显的表达协同性, 它们在叶片中的表达量与叶片的颜色变化高度同步;而CsGluTR在白化叶片和正常叶片中的表达差异相对较小, 同时在新生芽叶转绿过程中最先恢复正常表达水平。说明在白化叶片中, 叶绿素的合成机制受到较大影响, 叶绿素合成受阻导致的叶片内色素类物质含量降低或消失是叶片白化的直接原因。     

不同灌水方式对砂姜黑土小麦中后期生长及产量的影响

在人工防雨篷下研究了前期不同灌水处理对砂姜黑土小麦中后期生长、光合生理及产量的影响,以期为该区小麦增产和水分高效利用提供科学依据和理论帮助。结果表明,灌1水条件下小麦叶片长宽和单茎干物重随灌水日期的推迟呈先增加后下降的趋势,并以生育前期水分充足处理CK最高,W5100d(出苗后100 d灌水)处理次之,且总灌水量一致下小麦生育前期灌1水和灌2水效果间的差异不显著。生育前期适当推迟灌水日期有利于增加小麦生育中后期的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量,且灌浆中期W5100d处理的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量高于CK。小麦生育前期适当推迟灌水日期亦有利于降低植株蒸腾速率改善小麦光合特性,其中W5100d处理的光合速率比对照CK增加了11.4%。W5100d与CK处理的产量差异不显著,分别为6 955.40,7 102.67 kg/hm2,但两者产量明显高于其他灌水处理。相关分析表明,小麦叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率与单茎干物重和产量间皆呈直线显著正相关关系。研究得出,小麦生育前期适当延长灌水日期有利于改善小麦中后期生长发育、光合特性及产量,且总灌水量一致下灌水次数效果间的差异不显著。