Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

西葫芦银叶病发病叶片叶绿素代谢及其荧光特性

 研究了西葫芦银叶病发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素代谢特性和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化。与对照相比,发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素总量(Chl.a+b),叶绿素a (Chl.a),叶绿素b (Chl.b)含量均下降;轻度与重度发病叶片叶绿素a/b增加,中度发病叶片与对照差异不显著,而叶柄比对照降低。西葫芦银叶病对叶片Chl.b的影响比Chl.a大,而对叶柄Chl.a的影响比Chl.b大。发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素酶活性升高,从而使叶绿素降解加速,叶绿素合成中间产物Protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX),Magnesium protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX),Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide)含量降低,Uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ (Uro Ⅲ)含量增加,表明叶绿素合成在 Uro Ⅲ到 Proto Ⅸ受阻。发病叶片最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm),光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(F_v/F_o),实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ),光化学淬灭系数(q_P)降低,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)增加。试验结果表明,西葫芦银叶病破坏了叶绿素合成和降解的动态平衡,叶绿素合成受阻和叶绿素降解加速是导致叶片叶绿素含量降低的原因;发病叶片叶绿体PSⅡ活性受到抑制。     

稀土对南果梨着色及果实品质的影响

选取6 a生生长势与负载量相似的南果梨树20株,以300×10-6、400×10-65、00×10-6mol/L 3个Lenth浓度喷施(5次重复),每隔5 d采摘树体外围果实,每株3次重复,直至采收期(9月11日),分别测定其相关指标。来研究稀土(Lenth)对南果梨成熟期间花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素以及果实品质的影响。结果表明:Lenth处理有效地促进了南果梨果皮花青素含量,降低了果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了果肉可溶性糖含量及单果重,降低了有机酸含量。Lenth最佳的施用浓度为500×10-6mol/L。     

不同铝水平胁迫对橡胶树幼苗若干生理指标的影响

研究不同铝水平胁迫(0、50、100、200、400 mmol/L)对橡胶树幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素含量、叶片相对电导率及幼苗地上部与地下部铝含量变化的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫均使橡胶树幼苗生理指标产生一定的变化。在200 mmol/L和400 mmol/L铝水平下橡胶苗叶片POD活性和SOD活性先上升后下降至胁迫前甚至为0;MDA含量则大量增加,而且越来越高;叶绿素总量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b随胁迫时间的推移呈下降趋势,且铝浓度越大下降趋势越明显;相对电导率随胁迫时间的推移均呈现上升趋势,介于60%~100%之间,超过细胞质膜死亡的阈值;橡胶苗地下部铝含量分别约为地上部铝含量的3倍、2倍、1.3倍。不同铝水平胁迫处理中,随着铝浓度越高、胁迫时间越长对橡胶树幼苗生理指标的影响越大。其中在200 mmol/L铝水平下叶片相对电导率大于50%,达到叶片细胞膜透性阈值,MDA则大量增加,SOD和POD急速上升后下降,叶绿素含量极少。因而认为橡胶树幼苗的最高铝耐受浓度为200 mmol/L,地下部铝含量的耐受量为6.2 mg/g,地上部的耐受量为2.9 mg/g。     

干旱缺钾对油菜内源激素、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了解钾肥对抗旱的生理影响,以抗旱性不同的两个油菜品种川油36（敏感）和油研57（耐旱）为材料,采用水培试验,调查干旱缺钾对油菜内源激素、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。设置缺钾（0.01 mmol/L K₂SO₄）和正常钾肥（1.0 mmol/L K₂SO₄）两个梯度,加入7%的PEG6000模拟干旱,分别记为LK和NK处理。结果发现,干旱胁迫严重抑制油菜生长,不同钾肥水平对油菜生长和激素水平影响显著,与NK处理相比,LK处理下油菜生物量和叶片吲哚乙酸（IAA）、细胞分裂素（CTK）和油菜素内酯（BR）含量显著降低,而脱落酸（ABA）含量显著增加。干旱胁迫下钾肥水平对油菜光合作用影响显著,与NK相比,LK处理下油菜净光合速率、气孔导度、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶（RuBP羧化酶）活性、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）活性均显著降低。干旱胁迫下光系统I（PSI）P700最大变化（Pm）和光下P700最大变化（Pm'）显著降低,LK处理下Pm'显著低于NK处理,而PSI受体侧限制非光化学量子产量[Y(NA)]显著高于NK处理。干旱胁迫导致光系统II（PSII）最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）显著降低,与NK处理相比,LK处理下Fv/Fm和PSII调节性能量耗散[Y(NPQ)]显著降低,然而非调节性能量耗散[Y(NO)]显著增加。LK处理下抗旱品种油研57叶片IAA含量、CTK含量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和Fv/Fm显著高于川油36,表现出更高的生物量。综上,干旱缺钾会诱导ABA积累,抑制生长促进类激素IAA、CTK和BR的合成,抑制油菜生长。干旱缺钾条件下,RuBP羧化酶和PEPC酶活性显著降低,同时PSI受体侧过度还原,PSII调节性能量耗散减弱,非调节性能量耗散量子产量增加,造成PSI和PSII活性下降,导致油菜光合作用降低并限制油菜生长。     

大豆连作对植株营养水平、叶绿素含量、光合速率及其产物影响的研究

研究了大豆连作条件下植株体内营养水平和叶绿素含量、光合速率及其产物的差异。结果表明 ,由于连作造成根际土壤障碍和植株生长发育障碍 ,导致体内硝态N、速效P、速效K含量显著降低 ,使叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、体内可溶性糖、氨基酸总量极显著下降 ,影响大豆叶片的光合性能和有机物的积累 ,从而导致减产。随着连作年代的延长呈现渐低趋势 ,表现为正茬 >迎茬 >重茬。     

地膜覆盖栽培对春小麦叶片衰老特性的影响

为了揭示春小麦在地膜栽培条件下是否早衰的问题,采用管栽模拟试验的方法,研究了地膜覆盖和露地栽培条件下春小麦叶片的叶绿素、蛋白质、叶片丙二醛(M DA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性的变化。结果表明,采用地膜覆盖栽培方法,在春小麦生长前期能明显提高叶片叶绿素和蛋白质的含量(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高31.49%和7.94%),但后期又会加速其降解速率;M DA含量和细胞质膜相对透性均表现为覆膜处理高于露地处理(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高71.96%~11.78%和2.42%~9.57%)。说明覆膜栽培可使春小麦提前进入正常衰老阶段,但由于其增温、保湿等效应,使春小麦生长量增加,穗粒数和穗粒重比露地春小麦提高22.95%和27.68%,表现出良好的增产效应。     

高静水压诱变水稻突变株系的叶绿素荧光特性变化

以经75 MPa高静水压处理后筛选得到的3个水稻突变株系及其亲本粤香占为材料,测定了田间生长条件下不同生育时期水稻剑叶的叶绿素荧光动力学参数。与对照亲本相比较,3个突变株系的Fv/Fm在分蘖期和抽穗期均增加,除抽穗期突变2的ΦPSⅡ略低外,其余的ΦPSⅡ都表现为增加,说明光系统Ⅱ的功能得到改善。在抽穗期,突变株系与亲本在中午高光强下受到的抑制相比,突变株系受到的抑制较小,而且在18:00以后几乎能恢复到早上6:00的水平;在灌浆期,突变株系受到的光抑制增加,但能够快速恢复。突变1、突变2和粤压1号单株产量比对照亲本分别提高268%、279%和188%。结果显示,高静水压处理萌动的水稻种子后筛选得到的突变株系叶片的叶绿素荧光特性及田间光抑制发生了改变,产量也明显提高。高静水压诱变可能成为一种筛选高产水稻品种的新途径之一。     

水稻叶片氮含量与荧光参数的关系

在3个供氮水平和2个水稻品种(华粳2号和武香粳9号）的田间试验条件下,测试分析了不同处理水稻顶部4张完全展开叶片氮含量及对应的荧光参数。不同供氮水平的水稻叶片氮含量和荧光参数差异明显,均随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。叶片荧光参数随生育期推迟呈抛物线型变化,以抽穗期为界先上升后下降,直到成熟期降为最低。叶片荧光参数随不同叶位的变化规律为：顶1叶>顶2叶>顶3叶>顶4叶。同一水稻品种各叶位叶片氮含量分别与荧光参数呈极显著相关,且华粳2号的相关性高于武香粳9号。综合水稻品种的不同叶位,叶片氮含量与荧光参数ΦPSⅡ、qP均呈良好的线性相关。基于ΦPSⅡ和qP宜采用不同的回归方程来反演不同叶位叶片氮含量。因此,荧光参数ΦPSⅡ和qP有可能用来估算水稻叶片氮含量。     

大气CO2浓度升高对茶树光合生理特性的影响

通过对不同大气CO2浓度水平下的茶树观测试验,研究了大气CO2增长对茶树新梢叶片净光合速率、蒸腾气孔导度、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和营养元素含量等光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,在大气CO2浓度为550、750μmol·mol-1时,比正常大气CO2水平下茶树叶片日平均净光合速率提高17.9%和25.8%,并缓解和消除了光合午休现象;茶树叶片气孔导度降低7.6%和13.0%,蒸腾速度稍有下降,水分利用效率提高21.6%和35.8%;同时使茶树新梢叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量分别提高12.8%～18.4%、14.0%～22.0%、13.1%～19.4%和17.2%～20.1%,但叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值有所降低。大气CO2浓度的升高使新梢营养元素N、K、Ca含量有不同程度降低,而Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量有所增加。