控制灌水对梨幼树枝条生长和成花的影响

以3年生梨幼树为试材,研究了4种不同灌水处理对梨幼树枝条生长和花芽形成的影响。结果表明,在冬季一次灌水(250m~3/亩)的基础上,减少土壤供水可有效地控制新梢长度和粗度,缓和树势,增加花芽数量。减少土壤供水可使幼树总生长量轻微下降,主干生长减弱,树冠长梢比例下降,中、短梢比例增加,单位主干横截面积上的花芽数明显增加。生长季节控制灌水,可节约灌水量、扩大灌溉面积、并能促使梨幼树早期结果。     

武川县扬沙特征及其危害分析

扬沙是指大风将地面沙尘吹起,空气相当浑浊,水平能见度在1~10km,这种天气是干旱地区特有的灾害性天气,它与地球温室效应、植被减少、森林锐减等因素有着密切的联系。随着全球气候变暖,干旱化的加剧,生态环境的恶化,沙尘(暴)天气的发生发展及其危害也日趋凸显。文章根据近年来沙尘暴日趋频繁的具体情况,分析了沙尘暴的成因和危害,提出了沙尘暴的治理和预防措施,防治沙尘暴应注意气象条件研究和生态环境治理的配合,调节人类与自然的关系,大力保护和改善生态环境。     

白水江自然保护区麦吊云杉群落类型与垂直格局初步分析

麦吊云杉(Picea brachytyla)为我国二级重点保护植物,也是甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区针阔混交林带(2 100~2 900 m)主要的建群种之一。以第3次大熊猫调查植被数据为基础,以树种重要值为指标,分析了白水江保护区麦吊云杉群落的结构特征。结果表明:该保护区麦吊云杉群落按乔木重要值的大小可划分为10个亚群系,其中与糙皮桦(Betula utilis)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)形成的混交林分布最广;麦吊云杉的主要伴生树种为糙皮桦和红桦,其次为铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)、岷江冷杉(Abies chensiensis)、五裂槭(A-cer oliverianum)、泡花树(Meliosma dilleniifolia)、华山松(Pinus armandi)等;麦吊云杉群落从低海拔向高海拔的递变规律是由与温性针阔叶树种华山松、铁杉、糙皮桦、红桦等组成的亚群系向与寒温性针叶树冷杉等形成亚群系递变。     

环鄱阳湖地区浅层地下水化学特征及成因分析

[目的]分析环鄱阳湖地区浅层地下水化学特征及成因。[方法]于2010年对环鄱阳湖地区7个县市的地下水质状况进行调查,从矿化度、硬度、水化学类型等方面对鄱阳湖区域不同地区浅层地下水质状况进行分析对比,揭示区域浅层地下水质现状及其变化特征与原因。[结果]环鄱阳湖地区地下水质指标除pH外均较好,均属Ⅰ类水质标准;其中南昌市矿化度、硬度、电导率、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、HCO3-为最高值,都昌县pH和SO42-为最高值,鄱阳县Mg2+和pH为最低值,永修县硬度、K+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-为最低值,进贤县Na+、矿化度和电导率为最低值。江西整体经济发展水平不高是环鄱阳湖地区地下水质较好的主要原因;南昌市地下水多项水质指标最大,甚至趋于Ⅱ类水质标准,是由于经济发展水平较高,人类活动起决定性作用。[结论]该研究为区域浅层地下水管理对策提供依据。     

KClO3诱导龙眼成花及其叶片碳水化合物与蛋白质的变化

用KCIO3诱导龙眼树在4—8月份进行花芽分化并开花，在诱导成花过程中测定了结果母枝叶片碳水化合物和蛋白质的变化．结果表明：龙眼树用KCIO3进行成花诱导处理，60d左右开花，添加CTK对促进龙眼成花效果更明显．KCIO3处理后结果母枝叶片淀粉含量在诱导过程中呈下降的趋势，在形态分化开始时，淀粉的含量达到了最低值；总糖含量在生理分化期呈逐渐上升的趋势；果糖含量的变化更明显，在生理分化期一直呈上升的趋势；蔗糖的含量在处理后先升后降．对照树叶片碳水化合物含量的变化不明显．KCIO3诱导处理后，成花母枝叶片中蛋白质含量在生理分化期迅速增加，形态分化后逐渐下降，而对照树蛋白质含量始终保持在较低水平．     

Comparative Studies on Corynebacter1Um Pyogenes Toxin Formation in Monocultures and Mixed Cultures: The Demonstration of a Stimulating Effect of Peptococcus Indolicus and Stuart-Schwan Cocci

The growth and the toxin (i.e. hemolysin) producing capacity of Corynebacterium pyogenes were studied in monocultures and in co-cultures with 1 or more of the organisms frequently accompanying it in summer mastitis in cattle (Peptococcus indolicus, Stuart-Schwan cocci, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. levii, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus dysgalactiae) or with organisms seldom associated with summer mastitis (Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, non-toxic staphylococci and Escherichia coli).Pc. indolicus, and to some extent also Stuart-Schwan cocci, stimulated the growth as well as the hemolysin producing capacity of Gb. pyogenes (Table 1) while Str. dysgalactiae, Str. uberis, Str. agalactiae, E. coli and the majority of the staphylococci reduced these activities. Most F. necrophorum strains stimulated the growth, but not the hemolytic activity. With B. melaninogenicus the results were inconclusive.The effect of Pc. indolicus appeared to be associated with the production of a filterable factor (Tables 2 and 3).Mouse toxicity and hemolytic activity of culture filtrates were closely correlated (Table 4).     

试论青藏高原草业系统生态危机主要成因及对策

草业系统是青藏高原生态系统大惊讶时空异质景观，是该区域的生命支持系统，气候生态因子主导性、大尺度时空相悖性和灰色属性是青藏高原草业系统的显著特征。草业系统通过自身适应机制，调控来自地境及其它系统的胁迫，从而实现脆弱的动态平衡。生态危机症状发生在青藏高原草业系统的3个界面：牧草－－地景界面、草地－－动物界面、草畜－－经营管理界面。疏探经营管理是青藏高原草业系统生态危机的发动机和催化剂，可以用经营者－－投入等多方面无序，构建新的经营管理系统是遏制生态危机、恢复生态平衡的根本出路。     

鸡马立克氏病CVI988/Rispens疫苗免疫效力试验

本试验用北京市农林科学院畜牧兽医研究所制备的ＣＶＩ９８８／Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ疫苗和进口的ＣＶＩ９８８／Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ疫苗免疫１日龄来航鸡,７日龄以ＭＤＶ北京－１株血毒进行攻击,６０日龄全群剖检。经免疫效力试验两次测定,３批北京所制备的ＣＶＩ９８Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ疫苗产品保护指数分别为试验的９０．０、９０．０、９３．３和试验（２）的１００．０、１００．０、９４．５与进口商品ＣＶＩ／９８８Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓ苗的保     

甘草查尔酮A对副猪嗜血杆菌的体内外抑制作用

探讨甘草查尔酮A对副猪嗜血杆菌体内外生长的影响。将副猪嗜血杆菌于分别含10、20、50、100、200μg/mL甘草查尔酮A的TSA液体培养基中培养,采用分光光度法分析副猪嗜血杆菌生长和生物被膜形成的变化;以1、10、100mg/kg甘草查尔酮A经口灌胃小鼠,分别在3d、5d和7d称重,并计算脏器指数,Hiseq高通量测序技术分析肠道菌群等生长性能,Bliss法测定副猪嗜血杆菌对小鼠半数致死量(LD50);检测甘草查尔酮A对小鼠清除0.01×LD50副猪嗜血杆菌感染和抵抗100×LD50副猪嗜血杆菌感染的影响。结果表明,各浓度甘草查尔酮A对副猪嗜血杆菌的生长速率和生物被膜形成的影响差异均无显著差异。所有剂量组小鼠给予甘草查尔酮A处理后,一般临床症状、体重和脏器指数无统计学意义。灌喂甘草查尔酮A有增加小鼠肠道菌群丰富度的趋势,但降低拟杆菌门丰度而增加厚壁菌门丰度。小鼠清除0.01×LD50副猪嗜血杆菌感染的能力呈剂量依赖性,而100×LD50的副猪嗜血杆菌感染小鼠后随着甘草查尔酮A浓度增加可呈剂量依赖延迟小鼠死亡时间。表明甘草查尔酮A对副猪嗜血杆菌体外生长无显著的抑制作用,同时对小鼠生长性能亦无明显影响,但可增加肠道菌群丰富度而提高小鼠抵抗副猪嗜血杆菌感染的能力。     

Progress and Yield Bottleneck of Aerobic Rice in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Varieties Handao 297 and Handao 502

Aerobic rice has been considered a promising rice cultivation system as water scarcity is increasing in the world. This article summarizes the advances in aerobic rice management researches in the North China Plain, focusing on yield formation and its bottleneck. High-yielding and good-quality aerobic rice varieties adapted to aerobic soil conditions have been released officially and adopted by farmers in North China. The varieties Handao 502 and Handao 297 have been recognized as the most promising varieties reaching a yield level ranging 3.5-5.0 t ha-1 with 450-650 mm water input. Compared with lowland rice, water input in aerobic rice was more than 50% lower, and water productivity was 60% higher. Researches on responses of rice cultivars to nitrate nitrogen （N） and ammonium N supplied at early growth stages provided the first evidence for a preference of aerobic rice HD297 for nitrate N supply, compared with the lowland rice variety. Zinc uptake studies demonstrated that introduction of aerobic rice system on calcareous soils may increase zinc deficiency problems. Sink size was identified as the limitation of aerobic rice yield, because its spikelet number m-2 was too low （20000-24 000） compared with the lowland rice. For future research, more attention is suggested to be paid to yield formation focusing on effects of water regimes on tiller dynamics. Understanding of nutrient uptake and response to fertilization effects are also urgently required to establish optimized crop management technology. Additionally, alternative cropping systems based on aerobic rice should be established, and key sustainability and environmental impact issues in the systems need to be identified.