土壤种子库的研究进展

文章对土壤种子库的形成分布、组成和大小、分类方法、研究方法进行了系统的分析,并阐述了土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,土壤种子库的时间动态及研究土壤种子库的意义。     

Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay layer from slurry state under wetting-drying cycles

Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in clay layer. Four identical slurry specimens were prepared and subjected to five subsequent W-D cycles. The water evaporation, surface cracks evolution and structure evolution during the W-D cycles were monitored. The effect of W-D cycles on the geometric characteristics of crack patterns was analyzed by image processing. The results show that the desiccation and cracking behaviour was significantly affected by the applied W-D cycles: the measured cracking water content θ_c, surface crack ratio R_sc and final thickness h_f of the specimen increased significantly in the first three W-D cycles and then tended to reach equilibrium; the formed crack patterns after the second W-D cycle were more irregular than that after the first W-D cycle; the increase of surface cracks was accompanied by the decrease of pore volume shrinkage during drying. In addition, it was found that the applied W-D cycles resulted in significant rearrangement of specimen structure: the initially homogeneous and non-aggregated structure was converted to a clear aggregated-structure with obvious inter-aggregate pores after the second W-D cycle; the specimen volume generally increased with increasing cycles due to the aggregation and increased porosity. The image analysis results show that the geometric characteristics of crack pattern were significantly influenced by the W-D cycles, but this influence was reduced after the third cycle. This is consistent with the observations over the experiment, and indicates that the image processing can be used for quantitatively analyzing the W-D cycle dependence of clay desiccation cracking behaviour.     

生物超弱发光的光子成像及其检测方法研究

任何有生命的物质,人、动物、植物和微生物等都有一种超弱发光,这是生命体本身所固有的一种属性,而且这种超弱发光的强弱与生命活动能力密切相关,新陈代谢愈旺盛,生命活力愈强,则发光也愈强。为此,介绍了生物超弱发光的基本原理和光子成像探测系统的结构,并且对迄今为止生物超弱发光研究的主要实验结果以及超弱发光的主要检测方法进行了归纳总结。     

激光诊断技术在内燃机研究中的应用及其分析

论述了在内燃机缸内速度测量、喷雾粒子粒度测量及燃烧过程温度和组分浓度测量中常用的激光诊断技术和测试方法,并对其工作原理、适用范围与场合、优缺点等进行了比较和分析。相位多谱勒粒子测速(PDPA)技术比较适合于单点速度、粒子尺寸及其分布的测量;粒子图像测速(PIV)技术适合于缸内二维平面速度场的测量;激光全息术是分析喷雾特性的有效途径和测量喷雾液滴尺寸的标准方法;平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)法已成为喷雾、燃烧过程组分浓度及火焰结构研究的重要工具。     

霍山石斛类原球茎诱导及其发育过程研究

 以霍山石斛试管苗带节茎段为材料, 诱导产生类原球茎, 并研究类原球茎发育过程。结果表 明, 霍山石斛类原球茎诱导的适宜培养基为Knudson + 2, 4-D 0.1 mg·L ^{- 1} + KT 0.05 mg·L ^{- 1} , 诱导率为25.50%。以固体静置、固液双层静置、液体静置、液体振荡4种不同培养方式进行增殖培养, 其中液体振荡培养方式更适于类原球茎快速增殖。类原球茎通过胚状体发生途径形成, 类似于合子胚的发育, 即经历原胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶胚, 最后发育为成熟胚。类原球茎发育进程大致可分为类原球茎形成期、类原球茎肥大期、茎叶分化期、茎叶形成期以及茎叶伸长期等阶段。     

Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of five multipurpose cassava landraces extensively integrated in African cropping system

Successful development and adoption of transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties in Africa depend on in vitro regeneration of landraces because of their agronomic value and amenability to genetic modification. The study investigated somatic embryogenesis from axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explant and regeneration via shoot organogenesis in five cassava landraces. Landraces exhibited significant (P < 0.05) differences in frequencies of primary somatic embryo production, number of embryos per explant, and frequency of secondary embryos. The frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis ranged from 7.8 to 14.5%, whereas the number of embryos per explant varied from 5.3 to 10.6. However, only frequency of primary somatic embryos and number of embryos per explant showed significant (P < 0.05) differences when immature leaf lobe was used as explant. The frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis ranged from 42.7 to 49.2%, whereas number of embryos per immature leaf-lobe explant varied from 9.5 to 15.2 per explant. Secondary embryogenesis was cultivar-independent in the case of immature leaf-lobe explant. Cyclic and green (mature) embryogenesis showed no significant (P < 0.05) landrace differences in both axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explants. Shoot regeneration from cotyledon of somatic embryos had significant (P < 0.05) landrace differences. The mean shoot-bud formation frequency of axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explants was 51.4% and 37.2%, respectively. Root formation was efficient, with greater than 70% of shoots forming root in all landraces. Similarly, landrace differences were detected for the survival of acclimatized regenerated plants, with a mean of 94.7% for both explants. In conclusion, somatic embryos were produced from immature leaf and axillary bud explants of the landraces and the embryos were converted to plantlets via shoot organogenesis.     

外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成POD、CAT活性及ROS含量的影响

利用外源信号物质氟草敏(norflurazon)和2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌(2,6-DMBQ)分别诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成,研究它们在此过程中对过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明：在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发时,经norflurazon处理0~168 h后,种子中POD和CAT活性呈现显著升高的变化趋势,种子中ROS含量显著升高。在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发体吸器形成时,经2,6-DMBQ处理0~72 h后,肉苁蓉种子萌发体中POD和CAT活性呈现显著升高的变化趋势,萌发体中ROS含量显著升高。表明在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成过程中,外源信号物质norflurazon和2,6-DMBQ能影响POD、CAT活性及ROS含量的变化。

     

我国亚热带山地土壤发生特性和系统分类研究进展

为了解亚热带山地成土环境下土壤形成规律和分类现状, 推动中西部山地土壤发生学研究和土系建立, 为山地土壤资源的可持续利用提供参考。综述了有关中国亚热带山地土壤的发生发育特性及其系统分类的研究资料, 包括中国亚热带山地的主要地球化学过程和成土过程特点, 亚热带山地土壤分类的主要诊断层、 诊断特性和诊断现象以及高级分类单元的垂直分布规律, 基层分类单元的主要诊断指标。在此基础上, 展望了亚热带山地土壤系统分类研究值得重视的 4个方面：（1）深入理解亚热带山地土壤的地球化学和成土过程;（2） 建立中国亚热带典型山地土壤的代表性土族、 土系, 检验和完善现有基层分类单元的诊断指标体系;（3） 强化山地土壤系统分类中分析指标和数据标准化意识;（4） 重视薄片微形态、 现代仪器分析和计算机新技术的应用。     

泵用压电振子与泵腔体积变化的测试研究

为了准确获得压电泵泵腔体积的变化量,针对影响泵腔体积变化的关键因素——压电振子的变形特性进行分析,并采取非接触的测量方式对基板直径为65 mm,陶瓷直径为60 mm的圆形压电振子进行变形测试.在测试中对该压电振子的中心点在不同电压信号驱动下振幅随频率、驱动电压的变化规律以及压电振子径向各点在正弦电压信号驱动下振幅随半径的变化规律进行了研究.根据压电振子径向各点振幅的变化规律利用Matlab软件进行二次函数曲线拟合计算,得到压电振子的径向切面变形拟合曲线,根据拟合曲线,建立了压电泵泵腔体积变化量的理论计算方法.结果表明：压电振子中心点振幅随频率的增大而逐渐减小,随驱动电压的增大而增大;径向各点振幅随各点半径的增大而减小;拟合计算结果与实测数据基本吻合,最大相对误差仅为6.96%;利用压电泵泵腔体积变化量的理论计算方法,计算得到利用该圆形压电单晶片振子制作的压电泵在100 V,30 Hz正弦电压信号的作用下,泵腔每次振动产生的体积变化量约为34.009 mm3,理论上最大输出流量为61.216 mL/min.     

基于压电薄膜的免耕播种机播种深度控制系统

为使免耕播种机在秸秆覆盖地作业时自动保证播种深度的一致性和稳定性,设计了一种主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统。采用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidence fluoride,PVDF)压电薄膜传感器将免耕播种机限深轮的胎面形变量转换为电压信号,信号处理电路对传感器产生的信号放大滤波,提取信号峰值,系统根据峰值信号实时监测播种单体对地表的压力,控制信号形成电路在压力不足时发出控制信号,控制安装在播种机机架与播种单体四连杆间的空气弹簧产生推力,使播种单体能够产生对地表的压力,从而保证播种深度的一致性。试验结果表明,所设计的主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统能够精确控制开沟深度,仿形性能可靠,作业速度为5~8 km/h时,播深合格率达到90%,作业速度大于8 km/h时,播深合格率明显高于被动作用式播种深度控制装置。