甘薯品种对黑斑病菌的抗性与抗氰呼吸

选用对黑斑病菌具有不同抗感程度的甘薯品种(R:85-2458,S:85-180)块根组织为材料。研究了不同甘薯品种对黑斑病菌的抗性与抗氰呼吸、乙烯释放量、过氧化物酶活性的相互关系。结果表明,不同抗感材料接种后的抗氰呼吸活性明显高于伤害组织(对照)。抗病品种在接种和伤害情况下,其抗氰呼吸活性明显高于感病品种,而且持续时间较长。乙烯释放量、过氧化物酶活性与抗氰呼吸的变化趋势相一致。甘薯品种块根组织对黑斑病菌的抗性与抗氰呼吸活性及对总呼吸的贡献大小有关。     

Resistance of kiwifruit cultivars to ceratocystis wilt: An approach considering the genetic diversity and variation in aggressiveness of the pathogen

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is native to southern China, but was first cultivated in New Zealand and then spread worldwide. Emerging diseases such as ceratocystis wilt have attracted the attention of kiwifruit growers due to the great losses observed in southern Brazil. Effective control can be achieved by screening for resistance, but the genetic variability of the pathogen must be considered. Thus, this study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and variation in aggressiveness of Ceratocystis isolates from kiwifruit in southern Brazil and then evaluate the resistance of kiwifruit cultivars with the most aggressive isolates. A collection of 46 isolates were obtained from southern Brazil and 14 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers was successfully used for genotyping. Out of 14 markers, 13 were polymorphic and identified 26 genotypes. Fourteen distinct genotypes were tested on a susceptible cultivar to select the most aggressive ones. Finally, inoculation with an equal mixture of five of the most aggressive isolates was used to evaluate the resistance of seven kiwifruit cultivars: Red Arguta, Green Arguta, Allison, Chieftain, Hayward, Monty, and Tomury. Cultivars varied in levels of susceptibility, with disease severity ranging from 40% to 100%. Considering the length of stem lesions, Chieftain showed the lowest level of severity at 40%, while no wilt symptoms were observed at 45 days after inoculation. In addition to the seven cultivars, a half-sibling progeny with 618 plants of the rootstock cv. Bruno was also assessed, but only seven individuals were resistant. These seven plants can be cloned and used as resistant rootstocks in commercial orchards.     

我国橡胶木长喙壳属分离物的研究

研究了橡胶木上长喙壳属66个分离物的形态特征。通过形态比较和鉴定,证实橡胶木上的长喙壳属菌分离物分属于甘薯长喙壳(Ceratocystis fim briata)和橡胶长喙壳(C.heveae)两种真菌,二者都能引起橡胶木变色。     

Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto和F.asiaticum在玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上子囊壳形成的比较

为探究麦田前茬作物玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上中国小麦赤霉病菌的两个优势种Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (F.graminearum)和F.asiaticum子囊壳形成和发育成熟过程的差异,分别选择3株F.graminearum菌株(SE81,3-ADON型;LcA-2,15-ADON型;HX5-1,NIV型)和2株F.asiaticum菌株(M4A,3-ADON型;M31-2,NIV型),用其孢子悬浮液接种玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆,放置于花泥和地表两种环境条件下,比较接种不同菌株秸秆上子囊壳的形成和发育成熟情况及5个菌株对‘郑麦366’(高感小麦赤霉病品种)的致病力。结果表明：花泥环境下产生子囊壳的速度要快于地表,以玉米秸秆为载体子囊壳产生速度比水稻秸秆快且多数密度大,3个F.graminearum菌株(SE81、LcA-2和HX5-1)在同种秸秆相同环境下比2个F.asiaticum菌株(M4A和M31-2)产生子囊壳的速度快且子囊壳密度大。5个菌株在不同环境的不同秸秆上产生的子囊壳的成熟度均无规律,接种‘郑麦366’后其病情指数间有极显著差异(P<...     

In vitro efficacy of Capparis spinosa extraction against larvae viability of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection with the larvae of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster. Currently, new drugs are urgently required due to the poor therapeutic effect of the existing drugs albendazole and mebendazole. Capparis spinosa, a traditional medicinal plant, has potential therapeutic effects on various diseases based on extracts from its fruit and other parts. The results of this study demonstrated that the water-soluble and ethanolic extracts of C. spinosa fruit had in vitro killing effects on the larvae of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and disrupted the ultrastructure of protoscoleces and metacestodes. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that the water-soluble and ethanolic extracts of C. spinosa fruit were not significantly toxic to primary mouse hepatocytes at an effective dose to CE. In conclusion, water-soluble and ethanolic extracts of C. spinosa fruit have great potential for the development of new drugs for the treatment of CE.     

椰子泻血病室内药剂筛选研究

采用生长速率法和抑制孢子萌发法分别测定了10种杀菌剂对该病原菌的菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽管生长的抑制作用,并测定了其中9种杀菌剂对该病菌的毒力。结果表明,苯甲.丙环唑对病原菌的菌丝抑制作用最强,测试的8个浓度均完全抑制了菌丝的生长;百菌清对病原菌孢子萌发的抑制作用最强,抑制率100%;对病原菌芽管的生长抑制率最高的是百菌清和苯甲.丙环唑,达到100 %。毒力测定结果表明,咪鲜胺锰盐、多菌灵、十三吗啉、异菌脲和甲基硫菌灵的毒力作用较强,有效中浓度(EC₅₀)分别为3.3768×10_﹣5、0.0432、0.2692、1.2462和4.5994 μg/ml。     

Leaf size variation in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. sensu lato)

In subterranean clover, leaf size contributes to plant competitivity; besides, this trait is attributed a diagnostic relevance. The study assessed leaf size variation at two growth stages (60 days after sowing and flowering date) on genotypes belonging to the three main subspecies of the complex, viz. subsp. subterraneum, brachycalycinum, and yanninicum. After 60 days, brachycalycinum showed the largest leaflet area while subterraneum and yanninicum did not differ. Leaf size increase between the two measurements, remarkable in all subspecies, was significantly highest in yanninicum, which showed the largest area at flowering date. The leaflet length/breadth ratio was similar in the three subspecies at both stages. In subterraneum and brachycalycinum this ratio decreased significantly from the first to the second measurement; leaflet area increase seemed depending more on breadth than length increase. Yanninicum showed the longest petiole at flowering, and subspecies ranking for this character paralleled that of leaflet area. Particularly in subterraneum, there was a noticeable genotype variation for all characters. Earlier genotypes tended to have larger leaves after 60 days, and shorter petioles and smaller leaves at flowering date. In subterraneum, the genotype leaflet size decreased on increasing altitude and rainfall, and decreasing temperature of the collection sites. The leaf characters examined fairly confirmed to bear a taxonomic basis. Further assessing the physiological behaviour, particularly the response to defoliation and its agronomic implications, of genotypes characterised by different leaf size is envisageable.     

21种植物提取物对番茄早疫病菌等3种病原菌抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]为进一步开发植物源杀菌剂提供理论参考。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定并分析油茶籽等21种植物甲醇提取物对番茄早疫病菌、番茄芽枝病菌、甘蔗凤梨病菌的抑菌活性。[结果]结果表明,浓度为10mg干粉/mL溶剂时,对番茄早疫病菌抑菌活性较强的有油茶、水茄等的提取物,抑菌率分别为76.67%、78.08%;对番茄芽枝病菌抑菌活性较强的有香茅、深山含笑等的提取物,抑菌率分别为100%、69.20%;对甘蔗凤梨病菌抑菌活性较强的有油茶、甘草等的提取物,抑菌率分别为100%、74.02%。[结论]油茶和甘草的甲醇浸提物对供试的3种病原菌具有较强的抑菌活性。     

闽江水系野生绒螯蟹的营养品质分析

采取活体解剖和生化分析方法,研究闽江水系野生绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sensu stricto,简称河蟹)成蟹的性腺指数(GSI)、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、出肉率(MY)、总可食率(TEY)和可食部位的常规生化成分、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成,并比较雌雄间的性别差异。结果显示:(1)雄蟹的平均体质量和MY均显著大于雌蟹,雌蟹的GSI显著高于雄蟹(P0.05),两者的HSI和TEY均无显著性差异(P0.05)。(2)雄蟹性腺中的水分含量显著高于雌蟹,雌蟹性腺中脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物含量均显著高于雄蟹(P0.05);雄蟹肝胰腺的水分含量显著高于雌蟹(P0.05),雌蟹肝胰腺的总脂含量显著高于雄蟹(P0.05);雌雄蟹肌肉中的水分、脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物含量均无显著性差异(P0.05)。(3)雌蟹和雄蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪酸组成差异较小;雌蟹性腺中的总单不饱和脂肪酸(∑MUFA)含量显著高于雄蟹,雄蟹性腺中的总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)、总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)及∑n-6PUFA含量均显著高于雌蟹(P0.05);雌蟹肌肉中的∑MUFA含量显著高于雄蟹,雄蟹肌肉中的∑PUFA、∑HUFA和∑n-6PUFA含量较高(P0.05)。(4)雌蟹性腺中大部分氨基酸及总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著高于雄蟹,仅脯氨酸含量以雄蟹较高(P0.01);雄蟹肌肉中的半胱氨酸含量显著高于雌蟹(P0.05),其余氨基酸含量均无显著性差异(P0.05)。雌蟹性腺和肌肉中大部分必需氨基酸评分(EAAS)高于雄蟹,雄蟹性腺苏氨酸、蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸和肌肉色氨酸、蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸的EAAS高于雌蟹。综上,闽江水系河蟹雌雄个体的总可食率无显著性差异,各可食部位的比例存在性别差异;雌雄成蟹均具有较高的氨基酸和脂肪酸营养价值,雄蟹性腺和肌肉中的脂肪酸组成优于雌蟹,雌蟹性腺和肌肉中的氨基酸组成相对较好。