椰子茎泻血病菌生物学特性研究

对椰子茎泻血病菌奇异长喙壳菌Ceratocystis paradoxa(Dade)Moreau[=Thie laviopsis paradoxa(De Seynes)V.Hohnel]xie331-4的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)最适合该菌菌丝生长和产孢;以果糖为碳源最适合菌丝生长,以阿拉伯树胶粉为碳源最适合产孢;以磷酸氢二铵为氮源最适合菌丝生长,以蛋白胨为氮源最适合产孢;2%蛋白胨对孢子萌发有促进作用,2%葡萄糖、2%蔗糖对孢子萌发有抑制作用;25～35℃适合菌丝生长和产孢,25℃最适合孢子萌发,温度低于5℃或高于40℃孢子不能萌发;pH值4～11适合菌丝生长,pH为7产孢量最大,pH值为4孢子萌发率最高;光照对菌丝生长及孢子萌发无显著影响,但有利于产孢;分生孢子致死温度为52℃10min。     

长喙壳Ceratocystis sensu lato真菌引起的杨树病害

该文着重阐述长喙壳属Ceratocystis sensu lato中引起杨树溃疡病最重要的病原菌甘薯长喙壳C.fimbriata Ell.et Halst.引起的杨树病害的症状、形态学、寄主范围、传播媒介、致病性、寄主的抗病性和病理变化等。     

湖南省甘蔗主要病虫草害发生规律及防治

甘蔗二点螟以幼虫滞育和休眠两种方式越冬 ,每年发生 1- 4代 ,赤腐病是普遍发生的茎叶病害 ,而凤梨病是低温季节种苗的毁灭性病害 ,马唐和香附子是蔗田的两种恶性杂草 ,同属 C4 植物。采用农业防治为主体 ,适时化学防治的综合防治措施取得很好的应用效果     

Genetic variation in populations of the cacao wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis cacaofunesta

Ceratocystis cacaofunesta (=  Ceratocystis fimbriata ) causes a lethal wilt disease of cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Latin America. Polymorphic microsatellite markers, (CAT)₅ nuclear DNA fingerprints and Hae III mitochondrial DNA fingerprints were used to compare genetic diversity among isolates of C. cacaofunesta collected from populations in western Ecuador, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Rondônia and Bahia in Brazil. Microsatellite markers and nuclear DNA fingerprints separated Ecuadorian isolates from isolates of the other four populations, and these two major groups correspond to genetic lineages already identified from ITS-rDNA sequences and intersterility groupings. Mitochondrial DNA fingerprints also demonstrated substantial diversity and split the Ecuadorian isolates into two groups. All marker types showed limited variation in the Colombian, Costa Rican and Bahian populations, as might be expected for introduced populations that have gone through recent genetic bottlenecks. In contrast, the Rondonian and western Ecuadorian populations showed gene diversity values similar to natural populations of other Ceratocystis species. The Rondonian population was the only sampled population in the native range of T. cacao (the Upper Amazon), and the putatively introduced populations were more closely related to the Rondonian population than to the western Ecuadorian population. The Ecuadorian population is in an area with other native Theobroma species, which may serve as natural hosts.     

Virulence of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetleIps typographus f.japonicus in Yezo spruce

Yezo spruce trees (Picea jezoensis), approximately 40-year-old were inoculated with eight ophiostomatoid fungi associated withIps typographus f.japonicus to compare relative virulence of the fungi. Among them,Ophistoma penicillatum formed the longest necrotic lesion on inner bark around inoculation points, followed byO. aenigmaticum, Ceratocystis polonica, andO. bicolor, whileC. polonica formed a larger dry zone in sapwood than the other fungi. Yezo spruce trees were also mass inoculated withC. polonica, O. penicillatum, O. piceae singly or mixed to demonstrate the ability of the fungi to kill Yezo spruce trees. The trees inoculated withC. polonica, O. penicillatum or the mixed inoculum showed discoloration of needles in the early summer of the next year and died by autumn. However, the trees inoculated withO. piceae or the control inocula did not die, except for one tree. These results indicated thatC. polonica andO. penicillatum were more virulent thanO. piceae and suggested that they might be at least partially responsible for the mortality of the beetle-infested Yezo spruce trees. Part of this study was supported by the Sumitomo Foundation, Japan to Y. Yamaoka and I. Takahashi. Part of this study was presented at the 107th meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, April 1–4, 1996, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, at the 42nd annual meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan, May 16–17, 1998, Kyoto, and at the 110th meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, April 2–5, 1999, Matsuyama, Ehime. Contribution No. 143, Laboratories of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

Study of general practitioner consultations for tick bites at high,medium and low incidence areas for Lyme borreliosis in England and Wales

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a tick‐borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. In Europe, it is predominately transmitted by the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus. Compared with other European countries, the United Kingdom (UK) is considered to have a low incidence of LB, although this varies regionally. To determine whether an association exists between tick bite consultations and LB incidence in the UK, retrospective questionnaires were sent to general practitioners (GPs) in high (Wiltshire), medium (Cumbria) and low (Wales) incidence areas. During 2011, the greatest incidence of consultations for tick bites was reported by GPs in Cumbria (204 consultations per 100,000 inhabitants), followed by Wiltshire (160 per 100,000 population) and Wales (54 per 100,000 population). In Wiltshire and Cumbria, GPs predominantly provided advice on tick removal, whilst Welsh GPs mostly advised patients on tick bite prevention. Focusing on Cumbria during 2011–2013, 72.5% of GPs removed ticks from patients (incidence of 101 consultations per 100,000 population), and more GPs diagnosed LB based on clinical features than laboratory‐confirmed diagnoses. To date, this is the first study to investigate the incidence of tick bite consultations and LB in England and Wales.     

大蒜根系分泌物对石榴枯萎病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的作用

[目的]研究大蒜套种石榴控制石榴枯萎病的可能性。[方法]在实验室条件下,采用不同浓度的0.2倍MS培养液和蒸馏水培养的大蒜根系分泌物,测定其对枯萎病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响。[结果]MS培养液和蒸馏水培养的大蒜根系分泌物均不能有效抑制枯萎病菌菌丝的生长。而同样2种方式培养的大蒜根系分泌物却对枯草芽孢杆菌的增殖具有较强的促进作用,且蒸馏水培养大蒜根系分泌物效果要优于MS培养液培养的根系分泌物。[结论]石榴园套种大蒜结合枯草芽孢杆菌的施用有望作为控制石榴枯萎病蔓延的一种方式。     

落叶松八齿小蠹伴生真菌富士长喙壳的防治研究

筛选落叶松八齿小蠹伴生真菌富士长喙壳(Ceratocystis fujiensis)的拮抗菌株和杀菌剂,旨在为该伴生真菌的生物防治和化学防治提供科学依据。通过22个菌株与3株富士长喙壳(CF1、CF2、CF3)的拮抗培养,筛选出相对抑制效果在3.00以上的拮抗菌:CF1有3株,CF2有8株,CF3有4株。菌株Bipolaris sorokiniana在拮抗培养中,自身的生长速率被促进,说明其拮抗效果明显。在所选用的15种杀菌剂中,10种杀菌剂对3株富士长喙壳生长抑制率大于50%,3个菌株抗药性的强弱能力为:CF3>CF2>CF1。     

培养条件对甘薯黑斑病菌生长与产孢量的影响

在不同营养条件以及培养环境条件下,测试了甘薯黑斑病菌的生长速度以及产孢量。结果表明：甘薯黑斑病菌（Ceratocystis fimbriataEllis et Halsted）在13种供试培养基上均能生长,其中在番茄培养基上生长最好,在胡萝卜培养基上生长最差;分生孢子产孢量以在PDA培养基上最多,在玉米粉培养基上最少。菌丝适宜生长温度为25℃,在15℃下分生孢子产孢量最大。在全光照环境下生长最好,全黑暗下次之,光暗交替条件下较差,光照条件对黑斑病菌分生孢子产孢量没有明显差别。菌丝适宜生长的pH值范围为6~8,最适pH值为8,分生孢子最适产孢pH值为10。在真菌生理培养基上,以淀粉为最佳碳源,以酵母膏为最佳氮源。菌丝、分生孢子和子囊孢子的致死条件分别为52℃、5 min,47℃、5 min和50℃、5 min。