Root competition for phosphorus between coconut, multipurpose trees and Kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) in Kerala, India

The magnitude of root competition 17 year-old coconut palms suffer from three year-old inter-planted multipurpose trees, Vateria indica L., Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston. or Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. and kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.), a herbaceous medicinal plant, was evaluated based on the extent of absorption of applied ³²P by the palms in sole and mixed crop situations. The multipurpose tree (MPT) species were grown under two planting geometries (single row and double row). The hypothesis that, when grown together, widespread root proliferation of coconut and multipurpose trees occurs in the well-fertilised kacholam beds was tested by root excavation. Interplanted MPTs substantially altered absorption of ³²P by coconut. Both Ailanthus and Vateria exerted a modest depressing effect, while Grevillea enhanced ³²P uptake by coconut. Single rows of MPTs also favoured ³²P recovery by coconut, presumably because of the increased root densities in the subsoil. Ailanthus, Vateria and Grevillea absorbed substantial ³²P. Overall, high ³²P absorption in the coconut-Grevillea plots indicates complementary root-level interactions between these species. ³²P absorption by MPTs was generally higher closer to the trees owing to the greater root concentration of the MPTs, which in turn suggests possible root interference between MPTs and coconut. Hence selection of tree species with low root competitiveness and/or trees with complementary root interaction is of strategic importance in agroforestry. Kacholam showed substantial ³²P content in its foliage. This ³²P appears to have been translocated by coconut into the kacholam beds where new coconut roots were abundant. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Energy transmission process of combustion flame radiation in the tuyeres and raceways of blast furnaces

We developed a process model of flame beam transmission using pulverized coal powder and coke combustion in a raceway. We employed a Monte Carlo computation method equation based on charge couple devrce(CCD) target heat flow distribution for radiation heat transfer. We explored the factors impacting radiation transmission. Based on these, a three dimensional reconstruction was analyzed at varying coke particle concentrations. This model provided an effective method to produce on line monitoring of raceway working states.     

Grassland yield response to knife/tine slurry injection equipment – benefit or crop damage?

Slurry injection into grassland has advantages as it decreases ammonia losses, but may harm grassland plants. In two field experiments, four different types of knife/tine equipment were tested on three different grassland species (monocultures of red clover, perennial ryegrass and red fescue), with or without added mineral nitrogen (N), but without slurry application. During 2 years, in two separate experiments, the injection treatments were applied in spring or in summer to different plots. Crop damage was assessed by a range of methods. It was concluded that both the timing and the design of the knife/injector equipment had a significant influence on yield when used in grassland, with the greatest decrease in yield after spring use. Mean total yield over 2 years (no treatment = 100) for timing and species, with N added, was 94 (vertical knife), 92 (vertical and horizontal knife), 96 (double disc tine) and 94 (tubulator tine). With no N added, the relative yield decrease caused by equipment was less. Red fescue seemed to be a little more sensitive than the other species at spring treatment in one of the 2 years. Leaf area index could be useful for measuring crop damage.     

高取代度羧甲基茯苓多糖(CMP)的制备及其注射剂的研制

为研究高取代度羧甲基茯苓多糖(CMP)及其注射剂的制备工艺条件,以中药茯苓粉为原料,正交试验优化其羧甲基反应的工艺条件,并对所制备的多糖注射剂进行性能鉴定和药理学试验。结果表明：所获得的羧甲基茯苓多糖取代度高、纯度高,具有羧甲基反应特征,最优反应工艺条件为氯乙酸:氢氧化钠=1.15:1,反应温度75℃,反应时间3 h,此最优组合下羧甲基取代度(DS)值为1.21。所制备的多糖注射剂性状稳定、无毒、无热原性和无刺激性,安全可靠。羧甲基茯苓多糖具有直接抑制或杀死肿瘤细胞、增强巨噬细胞吞噬、调节机体免疫功能的药理作用。高取代度羧甲基茯苓多糖及其注射剂的研制可为丰富茯苓多糖的产品类型、拓宽应用范围及市场投入提供前期的理论基础。     

流动注射钴离子催化化学发光法测定环境水体中痕量2-氯苯酚

在弱碱性介质中,过氧化氢能使发光试剂鲁米诺产生化学发光,Co2+对该化学发光体系具有很好的催化作用,2-氯苯酚的添加能增强该化学发光反应的发光信号,建立了测定2-氯苯酚的流动注射化学发光分析法。结果表明,2-氯苯酚产生的相对化学发光信号强度与其浓度在1.0×10-7~4.0×10-5 mol/L范围内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为5.0×10-8 mol/L。线性方程为y=1 492.9x-1 292.9,R2=0.990 6,对浓度为4.0×10-6 mol/L的2-氯苯酚进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为2.98%。     

Branchial cobalt uptake in the carp, Cyprinus carpio: Effect of calcium channelblockers and calcium injection

Using tracer-uptake studies we investigated whether the branchial uptakeof cobalt occurs via selective, inhibitable, calcium uptake routes.Modulation of the calcium transport system was performed using generalcalcium channel blockers (Cd²⁺, La³⁺,Mg²⁺), a voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker (diltiazem)and an intraperitoneal CaCl2 injection. Adding Cd²⁺ orMg²⁺ to thewater or injecting the fish with theCa²⁺-solution resulted in decreased Co²⁺ andCa²⁺ uptake rates. Addition of La³⁺ reducedCa²⁺ and Co²⁺ uptake rates except forCo²⁺ uptake in the gills. Diltiazem displayed only aninconsistent, concentration-independent blocking of the uptake of bothCo²⁺ and Ca²⁺. All inhibitors which inhibitCa²⁺ uptake also inhibit Co²⁺ uptake. However, aclear difference in the degree of inhibition of uptake of both elements isobserved. Two possible explanations are suggested (1) Co²⁺ andCa²⁺ are both transported through the gills via the sametransport system or (2) the calcium transport system is not the only systeminvolved in the transport of Co²⁺.     

基于超高速摄影分析柴油机近场喷雾锥角变化特性

为研究近场喷雾锥角的变化及其对初次雾化的影响,在可视化定容弹试验台上,采用超高速数码摄影和长距工作显微成像技术相结合的方法,研究了不同喷射压力、背压及孔径对距喷孔出口4 mm范围内高速射流的喷雾锥角的影响。结果表明,在整个喷油过程中,近场喷雾锥角呈现三段式的发展,存在2个波峰"始峰"和"尾峰"以及一个稳定波动段;启喷阶段,喷射压力越高近场喷雾锥角的"始峰"值越大,且"始峰"出现的越早,喷油器的启喷性能也越好,而背压对启喷性能影响较小;结束阶段,随着喷射压力和背压的升高,近场喷雾锥角的"尾峰"值越大,同时"尾峰"出现的时刻更为靠后;稳定阶段,背压越大,近场喷雾锥角越大,而近场喷雾锥角随喷孔直径的增加呈现出减小的趋势。     

Bamboo hedgerow systems in Kerala, India: Root distribution and competition with trees for phosphorus

In a field study on bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.) hedgerow systems of Kerala, we tested the following three hypotheses: (1) Effective root foraging space is a function of crown spread, (2) Proximity of trees depress lateral spread of roots in mixed species systems and (3) The closer the trees are located the greater will be the subsoil root activity which in turn facilitates active absorption of nutrients from deeper layers of the soil profile. Root distribution of boundary planted bamboo and root competition with associated trees in two binary mixtures, teak (Tectona grandis)-bamboo and Malabar white pine (Vateria indica)-bamboo, were evaluated using modified logarithmic spiral trenching and ³²P soil injection techniques respectively. Excavation studies indicate that rooting intensity declined linearly with increasing lateral distance. Larger clumps manifested wider foraging zones. Eighty three per cent of the large clumps (>4.0 m dia.) extended roots beyond 8 m while only 33% of the small (<2.5 m dia.) clumps extended roots up to 8 m. Highest root counts were found in the 10–20 cm layer with nearly 30% of total roots. Although nearness of bamboo clumps depressed root activity of teak and Vateria in the surface layers of the soil profile, root activity in the deeper layers was stimulated. ³²P recovery was higher when applied at 50-cm depth than at 25-cm depth implying the safety net role of tree roots for leached down nutrients. Inter specific root competition can be regulated by planting crops 8–9 m away from the bamboo clumps and/or by canopy reduction treatments. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

树干注射印楝素对柑橘生长的影响

进行树干注射印楝素对柑橘叶片和果实品质影响的研究,结果表明：每厘米胸径注射高浓度印楝素（0.025 ～0.100g）对柑橘叶片有伤害,表现为游离脯氨酸、丙二醛和细胞膜透性的增加,且其伤害程度随注射浓度的增加而增强;注射浓度高于每厘米胸径0.050 g时会显著降低柑橘可溶性糖、蔗糖和Vc的含量,而低于每厘米胸径0.025 g时对果实品质无显著影响.     

影响绵羊胞质内单精子注射结果相应因素的分析

本实验探讨了绵羊卵母细胞成熟以及胞质内单精子注射的相应影响因素,以期优化绵羊ICSI的操作技术和体外成熟体系。本研究分别设定三组卵母细胞成熟时间（19~21h,23~25h, 28~30h）,同时比较“6”, “12”点和“7”, “11”点注射位置对胞质内单精子注射后胚发育的影响。结果表明,绵羊卵母细胞在成熟23~25h之间进行单精子注射后,其囊胚率显著高于19~21h和28~30h(6.30±0.59%vs 4.05±0.63%,3.59±0.29),研究注射位置对胚胎发育影响时研究结果显示,在“6”, “12”点注射后其胚胎的卵裂率（54.17±3.24 vs 46.40±3.22%）和囊胚率（5.88±0.30 vs 2.77±0.15）均明显高于“7”, “11”点。因此,实验表明,应尽量使用成熟23~25h的绵羊卵母细胞进行胞质内单精子注射,同时注射时应选择“6”, “12”点的位置,从而利于胚胎的后期发育。