大别山区板栗林地水土流失特性研究

[目的]研究大别山区板栗林地水土流失特性,为该区水土流失综合防治和生态安全保障工作提供科学支持。[方法]以“全国板栗第一县”湖北省罗田县为典型,通过对10°,15°,20°共3种坡度板栗林及对照10°,15°撂荒小区2014—2018年的降雨、径流、泥沙、植被覆盖度进行观测分析,研究大别山区板栗林下水土流失特性。[结果](1)在同等坡度和降雨条件下,虽然板栗林植被覆盖度更高,但其土壤侵蚀程度较撂荒地更加严重,说明板栗林存在较明显的林下水土流失;(2)植被覆盖度越低土壤侵蚀越严重,但植被覆盖度最高时土壤侵蚀程度并不一定最弱,说明由于林分结构的复杂性,即使在相同降雨、土壤、坡度条件下,植被覆盖度也不能作为反映土壤侵蚀程度的唯一指标;(3)板栗林水土流失程度并非随坡度的增大而增大,其侵蚀峰值(临界坡度)在15°左右。[结论]大别山区板栗分布广泛,其林下水土流失现象需要引起科研和管理部门的进一步关注。     

野生毛榛改接大果锥栗改接技术

通过无性繁殖技术对野生毛榛改接大果锥栗,可使改接后的锥栗果实大、丰产、稳产,可显著提高锥栗的经济效益。该文从选择品种、嫁接方法、病虫害防治等方面总结了野生毛榛改接大果锥栗的丰产技术。     

舒城县板栗林低产原因及改造技术

从管理粗放、栽植密度过大、病虫危害、肥水管理不当等方面分析了舒城县板栗林低产原因,并从选择优良品种、加强抚育管理、病虫害防治、加强帮扶力度等方面提出了板栗林改造技术,以促进板栗产量的提高。     

中国板栗栽培史考述

板栗原产于中国,是中国最早栽培的果树之一,栽培历史至少有6000年以上。中国板栗品种丰富,分布广泛,无论南方北方,大部分省份均有栽培。本文参考已有研究成果,通过相关考古资料和历史文献资料的考证,对中国板栗的起源、古代栽培技术、古代分布以及利用价值和储藏技术作了略约阐释。     

栗属植物遗传多样性研究进展

壳斗科(Fagaceae)栗属(Castanea)植物包括7个种,即中国板栗(Castanea mollissima BL.)、茅栗(Castanea seguinii Dode.)、锥栗[Castanea henryi(skan) Rehd.et Wils.]、日本板栗(Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc.)、美洲板栗(Castanea dentate Marsh.)、美洲榛果栗(Castanea pumila Mill.)和欧洲板栗(Castanea sativa Mill.).不仅可用于木材生产,而且在坚果生产上也占有独特地位.基于同工酶、子叶储藏蛋白和RAPD数据,通过对分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美的栗属植物的遗传多样性研究表明中国板栗(Castanea mollissima)是世界栗属植物的原始种,长江流域是中国板栗的遗传多样性中心,土耳其是欧洲板栗的起源中心之一.     

Genetic Relationship between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanea sativa</Emphasis> Mill. Trees from North-western to South Spain Based on Morphological Traits and Isoenzymes

This study is focused in the main chestnut growing areas from north- to south-western Spain. We studied 50 accessions corresponding to 22 cultivars named by local growers; 11 from Andalucía, 9 from Castilla-León, and 2 from Extremadura. These were compared with 22 types classified previously in Galicia (82 accessions). Ten morphological traits and five isoenzyme systems were used to classify them and establish genetic relationships. A lower genetic variability has been found in Extremadura (middle Spain) and Andalucía (south) than in Galicia (north western) which may be because of the lower importance of the crop in those areas and the geographic barriers between them. Galicia could be the origin of the types found in Castilla-León, Extremadura, and south-western Andalucía, and the types found in Central Andalucía were closer to those found in Castilla-León and Extremadura. Most accessions studied (117/132) could be classified positively, making 37 out of 44 cultivars found from northern to southern Spain. Three groups of synonymies were found in Castilla-León: ‘Brava’ and ‘Negral’, ‘Gallego’ and ‘Injerto’, and ‘Rapega’ and ‘Verdello’. Most of the Spanish types have been propagated as a principal clone. Variability within the types is important and must be considered to select the best clones as cultivars.     

Comparison between phenetic characterisation using RAPD and ISSR markers and phenotypic data of cultivated chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

Patterns of phenotypic and phenetic variability in sixPortuguese cultivars of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) are evaluated. Morphological characterisationwas based on the quantification of seventeen traits. Varianceanalysis showed significant differences among cultivars, and cultivar× year for all the traits studied, and trees within cultivarsshowed also some significant differences for some of themorphological variables. A significant correlation was obtainedbetween length of the leaf blade and the percentage of unisexual andandrogynic inflorescence with the effective thermal index,accumulated rainfall from April to October and from July to October,or the accumulated temperature below seven during the dormant period.Principal Component and cluster analysis were performed to group thecultivars, according to their similarity coefficients. For molecularcharacterisation, 125 RAPD and 157 ISSR polymorphic markers wereamplified using 28 and 7 primers respectively. High level ofcongruence among the two marker systems (r =90.5%) was obtained from comparison of pheneticsimilarities based on the percentage of shared fragments. ISSRmarkers revealed important advantages over RAPDs, due to a higheffective multiplex ratio (12.5 for ISSR compared with 2.2 forRAPD analysis) and reproducibility. Although morphological andmolecular results are comparable, slight differences are showed incluster analysis UPGMA dendrograms. Molecular analysis explainedhomonym situations among 'Martainha' and'Longal' cultivars in Portugal.     

板栗不同品种果实对炭疽病的抗性

板栗6个不同品种的果实对炭疽病的抗性差异显著，对与抗性有关的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶同工酶及SOD同工酶的分析表明：过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶活性与板栗果实抗病性密切相关；过氧化氢酶活性越低，过氧化物酶活性越高，果实的抗性越强；过氧化物酶同工酶及SOD同工酶谱在一定程度上表明了品种间果实的抗性差异。     

两种板栗淀粉含量测定方法的比较研究

本文研究了用双波长分光光度法和碘比色法分别测定板栗果仁中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量,结果表明双波长方法重复性和稳定性都好,栗仁中可溶性糖和脂类存在可使测定结果偏大.     

板栗赤霉素缺陷型短雄花序芽变的初步鉴定及CmGID1基因的表达分析

 利用赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、乙烯利和吲哚乙酸分别涂抹板栗短雄花序,结果显示仅赤霉素能够抑制短雄花序顶端的细胞程序性死亡,并在一定程度上恢复短雄花序的伸长生长。通过RT-PCR扩增方法,从板栗短雄花序芽变和正常雄花序cDNA中克隆出赤霉素受体基因GID1部分序列。测序及序列分析结果表明：克隆的cDNA片段为786 bp,所推导的氨基酸序列与杨毛果GID1氨基酸序列有91%的同源性,与陆地棉、蓖麻GID1均有85%的氨基酸序列同源性。经氨基酸序列功能分析,推测该GID1序列是板栗有编码功能的赤霉素受体基因,命名为CmGID1（GenBank登录号为HQ651231）。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,从花序萌发至花药萌发前期,除其中一个时期（5月23日）外,芽变短雄花序CmGID1的表达量均高于正常雄花序;在花序的快速生长期,芽变短雄花序CmGID1表达量显著高于正常雄花序（P < 0.01）;且赤霉素处理后恢复生长的短雄花序CmGID1表达量显著降低（P < 0.01）。综合试验结果,初步揭示了该短雄花序为一个赤霉素缺陷型突变体。