Effect of temperature on the mineralization of C and N of fresh and mature compost in sandy material

Information about the mineralization rate of compost at various temperatures is a precondition to optimize mineral N fertilization and to minimize N losses in compost‐amended soils. Objectives were to quantify the influence of the temperature on the mineralization rate and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), NO₃^—, and NH₄⁺ from a fresh (C : N = 15.4) and a mature (C : N = 9.2) organic household waste compost. Compost samples were mixed with quartz sand to ensure aerobic conditions, incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C and irrigated weekly for 112 days. For the fresh compost, cumulative CO₂ evolution after 112 days ranged from 36% of the initial C content at 5°C to 54% at 25°C. The CO₂ evolution was only small in the experiments with mature compost (1 to 6% of the initial C content). The data were described satisfactorily by a combined first‐order (fresh compost) or a first‐order kinetic model (mature compost). For the fresh compost, cumulative DOC production was negatively related to the temperature, probably due to leaching of some of the partly metabolized easily degradable fractions at lower temperatures. The production ratios of DOC : CO₂‐C decreased with increasing temperature from 0.094 at 5°C to 0.038 at 25°C for the fresh and from 1.55 at 5°C to 0.26 at 25°C for the mature compost. In the experiments with fresh compost, net release of NO₃^— occurred after a time lag which depended on the temperature. Cumulative net release of NO₃^— after 112 days ranged from 1.8% of the initial N content at 5°C to 14.3% at 25°C. Approximately 10% of the initial N content of the mature compost was released as NO₃^— after 14 days at all temperatures. The DOC : DON ratios in the experiments using fresh compost ranged from 11.5 to 15.7 and no temperature dependency was observed. For the mature compost, DOC : DON ratios were slightly smaller (7.4 to 8.9). The DON : (NH₄⁺ + NO₃^—) ratio decreased with increasing temperature from 0.91 at 5°C to 0.19 at 25°C for the fresh compost and from 0.21 at 5°C to 0.12 at 25°C for the mature compost. The results of the dynamics of C and N mineralization of fresh and mature compost can be used to assess the appropriate application (timing and amount) of compost to soils.     

茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究饲料中添加茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(13.51+0.31) g的大菱鲆幼鱼为实验对象,设计4组添加不同梯度茶多酚(0%、0.01%、0.02%和0.05%,干重添加量分别为0、100、200和500 mg/kg)的等氮等脂实验饲料,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。结果显示:①与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.01%～0.02%茶多酚显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR);饲料效率(FE)随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,但各组间差异不显著;随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高,大菱鲆肝体比(HSI)呈降低趋势,且显著低于对照组;②鱼体组成分析表明,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆鱼体和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,且在茶多酚添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;③与对照组相比,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高,且各添加组间差异不显著;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随茶多酚的添加水平升高呈先升高后降低趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著高于对照组;血清丙二醛(MDA)含量随茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时显著低于对照组;④大菱鲆肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)表达量随着饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量随茶多酚添加水平的升高呈先降低后升高趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著低于对照组;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)表达量变化趋势与FAS相反,且在添加水平为0.02%时达到最高值。肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)表达量随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,显著高于对照组,且各添加组间差异不显著。研究表明,高脂饲料中添加茶多酚能促进大菱鲆生长、降低肝脏脂肪过度沉积并提高血清抗氧化能力,高脂饲料中添加0.02%茶多酚是大菱鲆幼鱼生长的最适添加量。     

电化学机械加工在碳钢管内孔光整中的应用

结合电化学机械加工特点,针对碳钢管内孔原始表面质量现状,基于适度强化机械作用的设想,试验分析了电化学机械加工主要工艺参数对碳钢管内孔光整效果的影响;验证了表面毛化对光整效果及生产率的提高是有益的;并在此基础上实现了碳钢管内孔表面的光整,使其表面粗糙度达到0．2μm以内。     

陇南早期引种油橄榄生长表现

对甘肃油橄榄主要栽培品种进行物候期、花型、结实能力及含油率的测定,结果表明：陇南现有栽培的大多数的品种都有1d或1d以上的盛花可配期,能保证品种间的充分授粉;综合考虑完全花比率和不同授粉方式结实能力测定结果,在引进的品种中,结实能力较强的品种有‘莱星’、‘皮削利’、‘城固32’、‘佛奥’、‘九峰6号’、‘鄂植8号’。通过对各品种果实含油率和脂肪酸组分及果实性状的测定结果表明,在陇南现有栽培品种中,‘科拉蒂’、‘佛奥’、‘皮削利’、‘莱星’4个品种为优良的油用品种。     

Can carbon isotope discrimination and ash content predict grain yield and water use efficiency in wheat?

Drought is the main factor affecting crop grain yield. Increasing grain yield under drought and crop water use efficiency (WUE) is essential for enhancing world crop production and food availability. The objective of this study, carried out in India on 20 durum wheat cultivars, under three water regimes (full irrigation, limited irrigation and residual soil moisture) and during two seasons, was to investigate the potential use of plant traits (particularly carbon isotope discrimination, Δ, and ash content, m_a) to predict grain yield and WUE in wheat. WUE components were estimated using a soil water balance model (Budget) allowing comparison of environments in data scarce situations. A highly significant correlation was noted between grain yield and grain Δ across water regimes. However, the associations between grain yield, Δ and m_a were found to depend highly on the water regime and environmental conditions. The association between grain yield and grain Δ was significant under full irrigation in season 1 and under residual soil moisture in season 2. Significant positive correlations were noted in both seasons between grain yield and leaf Δ under residual soil moisture and between grain yield and leaf ash content at anthesis under limited irrigation. A significant correlation was found across environments between grain and leaf Δ and T, the quantity of water transpired during the growth cycle, as estimated by the soil water balance model. T also significantly correlated to grain and leaf m_a. Variation in WUE across environments was driven more by runoff, drainage and soil evaporation than by harvest index and transpiration. The associations between WUE and transpiration, runoff and Δ were negative but not significant. WUE was significantly correlated with leaf and grain m_a at maturity. The study indicates that Δ and m_a can be used as indirect selection criteria for grain yield and suggests that m_a is a good predictor of transpiration, grain yield and WUE across environments. The use of mechanistic models that allows differentiating between cultivars should permit in a next future to analyze the relationships between WUE, Δ and m_a across cultivars and evaluate the possibility to use these traits as predictors of WUE in wheat breeding programs.     

玉米穗粒性状的遗传性研究

采用增广NCⅡ设计,对玉米穗粒性状进行了杂种优势、配合力分析及遗传模型测验。结果表明：穗粒重的杂种优势最大,穗行数的优势最小。所研究的6个性状均以加性基因效应为主,对穗行数、行粒数和穗粒重可在早代进行选择;穗长、穗粗、百粒重不宜进行早代选择。6个穗粒性状均不符和加性一显性遗传模型,穗长存在着明显的加性效应,显性效应不显著;穗粒重、行粒数除存在显性效应外,还存在明显上位性效应;穗粗、穗行数、百粒重存在着显著的显性效应,上位性效应不明显。     

温度梯度对四大家鱼临界游泳速度的影响

在水利工程建设中,鱼道是一项重要的生态补偿措施,研究鱼类游泳能力可为鱼道等过鱼设施设计提供参考数据.本研究以四大家鱼为研究对象,分别测定其在不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)梯度下的临界游泳速度.结果显示,在10℃～30℃温度范围内,青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Cteno...     

鳙30日龄生长性状的遗传参数

为了研究鳙早期生长性状的遗传改良潜力,利用2个亲本群体进行群体繁殖(组1)和人工授精(组2)实验,并分别采集672尾30日龄鱼苗,用于开展对早期生长性状的遗传分析。通过微卫星标记分别鉴定了其中628和660尾个体的亲本来源,并依此获取群体双列杂交的信息;亲本对应子代贡献率存在极显著差异。在2个繁殖组中,体质量和体长在家系间均存在极显著差异;在组2中,体质量和体长在交配设计间均存在显著差异。此外,杂交组合的2个生长性状均呈现出中亲杂种优势(0.39%~7.64%),其特殊配合力也均为正值(0.01~0.02)。基于动物模型和限制性最大似然法,鳙30日龄体质量和体长的遗传力估值分别为0.47和0.49,且均达到极显著水平。体质量和体长间存在极显著的遗传相关和表型相关,分别为0.89和0.83。研究表明,通过家系构建和群体杂交,可以获得具有生长优势的鳙鱼苗;鳙30日龄生长性状具有较高选育潜力,而亲本对子代贡献的不平衡现象在选育过程中需要引起重视。     

Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in carnivorous marine teleosts: Insight into the profile of endogenous biosynthesis in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

Golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus is an important farmed carnivorous marine teleost. Although some enzymes for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) biosynthesis have been identified, the ability of T. ovatus for endogenous biosynthesis is unknown. Here, we evaluated in vivo LC‐PUFA synthesis in a 56‐day culture experiment using six diets (D1–D6) formulated with linseed and soybean oils to produce dietary linolenic/linoleic acid (ALA/LA) ratios ranging from 0.14 to 2.20. The control diet (D0) used fish oil as lipid source. The results showed that, compared with the corresponding indices of fish fed D0, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate as well as the contents of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids in tissues (liver, muscle, brain and eye) of D1–D6 groups were significantly lower (p < .05). These data suggested that T. ovatus could not synthesize LC‐PUFA from C₁₈ PUFA or such ability was very low. However, tissue levels of 20:4n‐3 in fish fed diets D1–D6 were higher than that of D0 fish (p < .05), and positively correlated with dietary ALA/LA ratio, while levels of EPA showed no difference among the D1–D6 groups. These results indicated that Δ5 desaturation, required for the conversion of 20:4n‐3 to EPA, may be lacking or very low, suggesting incomplete LC‐PUFA biosynthesis ability in T. ovatus.     

Reproductive ability of triploid ornamental (koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids and characteristics of their offspring

The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive ability of backcross triploid koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids. These triploids have been obtained by crossing of F₁ hybrid females producing diploid eggs with males of parental species. Triploid hybrid females, when crossed with goldfish or koi males, produced mostly aneuploid fish with ploidy range from approximately 2.2n–3.2n with a mean value 2.5n; some fish in crosses of triploid females with koi males were tetraploid (4.0n). Since analysed fish had in their genomes one haploid set from parental males, the data indicate that triploid hybrid females mostly produced aneuploid eggs with ploidy range from approximately 1.2n–2.2n and a mean ploidy around 1.5n while some eggs were triploid. Triploid hybrid males were completely sterile and have not released any sperm after hormonal injection. Despite their low viability, some aneuploid fish obtained from triploid hybrid females were raised in indoor recirculating systems until the age of 2 years and their reproductive ability has been evaluated. One aneuploid female with ploidy 2.1n produced larvae with ploidy range from 2.9n to 3.4n with a mean ploidy of 3.1n when crossed with a koi male; about 60% of obtained larvae had ploidy from 3.0n to 3.2n. These data indicate that this female produced mostly eggs with unreduced ploidy level.