北京城市园林树木碳贮量与固碳量研究

为了解北京城市园林树木碳库的贮量及其固碳效果,在1995年和2000年北京城市园林绿化普查资料的基础上,结合遥感影像,对北京城市园林树木碳贮量进行计算。结果表明:2002年北京城市园林树木总碳贮量约为58.88万t,单位建成区面积碳贮量为7.70t/hm2;近年来北京园林树木碳贮量正逐年增加,2002年新增碳贮量达0.46万t。     

转基因抗虫棉核不育系配合力及杂种优势分析

为了分析转基因抗虫棉不育系的配合力和杂种优势。采用6×6NCⅡ交配设计,分析了6份转基因抗虫核不育系与6份陆地棉亲本杂交后,9个性状杂种F1的超父本优势、竞争优势和配合力。结果表明,籽棉产量超父本优势的平均值为19.44%,22个组合具正向的杂种优势;竞争优势的平均值为-8.36%,16个组合出现正向竞争优势。单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。父本值与F1平均值的相关关系表明,8个性状F1代平均值与父本值的相关性达到极显著水平。经配合力分析,A1、A4、B1、B5等亲本的GCA较好;SCA效应显著的6个性状中,A1×B6、A3×B3等组合的SCA效应均为正值。     

辣椒低山工厂育苗高山移栽可行性及新增固碳减排能力研究

为探索低山工厂辣椒苗对高山地区环境的适应性、增产能力和新增固碳减排能力,通过不同播期对比试验、17个品种对比试验和大面积移栽生产试验,比较分析辣椒低山工厂育苗高山移栽的适应性、丰产性以及固碳减排效应。结果表明：辣椒低山工厂育苗不仅可以完全适应宜昌市高山地区生态环境,且各项试验均实现大幅增产、增收,其中大面积移栽生产试验中辣椒667 m²产量为3 280 kg,667 m²产值达15 622.6元;较农民自育苗667 m²增产967 kg,增产率达41.8%,667 m²产值增加7 273.6元,增收率达87.1%;667 m²新增固定减排CO₂量为619 kg,固碳减排效果良好。     

甜玉米自交系作测验种数目的研究

选用 9个普甜玉米 (ZeamaysL saccharataSturt)自交系作测验种 ,用新选育的 10个普甜玉米自交系作待测系 ,采用NCⅡ交配设计和相关分析的方法 ,对待测系的配合力测定中测验种最少数目进行研究。结果表明 :若对测验种加以筛选 ,被筛选出的测验种只用其中一个 ,就能较准确地测定待测系的产量一般配合力 (GCA) ;若对测验种不加筛选 ,则能够准确地测定待测系产量GCA的最少测验种数目为 3个。对 8个农艺性状进行测验种测定效果评价时 ,株高、生育期、穗重、穗长、穗粗、行粒数及千粒重对测验种的选择不太严格 ;而秃尖长对测验种的选择严格     

氮钾营养对春玉米后期碳氮代谢与粒重形成的影响

 采用田间试验与生化分析等方法研究不同氮钾用量下春玉米后期碳氮代谢与粒重形成的关系。结果表明,适宜氮钾用量下,玉米叶片可溶蛋白含量较高,RuBP羧化酶和PEP羧化酶活性较强,收获指数与氮收获指数较高。适宜的氮钾用量可促进玉米营养体碳氮向籽粒运输,同时提高生长后期叶片的光合能力及根系的氮素吸收。     

Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines under stress and nonstress conditions

Early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) germplasm developed from diverse sources has the potential for use in developing maize hybrids suitable for increasing maize production in the dry ecologies of eastern Africa. A diallel study was conducted to estimate general combining ability (GCA) of 12 early-maturing maize inbred lines, identify potential single-cross hybrids for use as parents, assess genetic diversity among the inbred lines, and relate genetic distance to specific combining ability (SCA) and hybrid performance. Sixty-six F₁ diallel hybrids were evaluated under optimal and drought stress conditions at four locations in Kenya and Uganda. The parental inbred lines were genotyped using 94 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for inheritance of grain yield (GY) under optimal conditions. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of GY under drought and across all environments. Inbred lines CKL0722, VL058014, and CZL0724 were among the best with positive GCA effects for GY across both optimal and drought stress conditions. The correlation between SCA and both genetic distance and F₁ GY was significant under both drought stress and across all environments. Inbred lines with desirable GCA effects for GY and other agronomic traits and hybrids with good performance under both optimal and drought stress conditions are potential parents for development of various types of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and early-maturing hybrids.     

缺磷对已结瘤大豆生长和固氮功能的影响

磷对大豆生长起着非常重要的作用,然而区别磷在大豆生长和根瘤功能中的影响非常困难。为阐明根瘤形成后缺磷对大豆植株生长和固氮功能的影响,采用水培方法,营养液中供给正常磷酸盐浓度(30 µmol L^-1)条件下,待根瘤形成后,将营养液中的磷水平分别转换为0 µmol L^-1 (无磷)和4 µmol L^-1 (缺磷),研究缺磷对大豆生长和结瘤固氮的影响。结果表明,大豆根瘤具有固氮功能后,进行营养液中不同浓度的磷酸盐处理,从处理第9天开始,缺磷对大豆生物量的影响才表现出来,而缺磷对根瘤形成和生长的影响从处理开始就比较明显。处理第9天,无磷、缺磷和正常磷处理根瘤数比处理第3天分别增加11.8%、15.4%和20.0%,单位植株豆血红蛋白含量和单位根瘤豆血红蛋白含量都随磷浓度增加而增加。该结果表明,在保证大豆形成一定数目的根瘤后,缺磷会明显影响根瘤生长和固氮能力。     

Evaluation of direct and indirect phosphorus limitation of methanogenic pathways in a calcareous subtropical wetland soil

The effect of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) on methanogenesis was investigated in a low-P (130 mg P kg⁻¹ soil) wetland within Everglades National Park. Soil was amended with C substrates (acetate, formate, butyrate, and glucose) with or without P, and CO₂ and CH₄ production was monitored. Production of CH₄ increased with P addition although no effect on CO₂ was observed. Methane production was stimulated by all C substrates except for butyrate. No effect of C on CO₂ production was observed except for stimulation following glucose addition. Production of CH₄ following formate addition was not affected by P, suggesting hydrogenotrophic methanogens may be substrate, not P, limited. Addition of P to all other C substrates heightened CH₄ production and lowered the CO₂–C:CH₄–C ratio relative to the corresponding C only treatment, suggesting that P may have limited acetoclastic methanogens and fermentation.     

The role of lignin and cellulose in the carbon-cycling of degraded soils under semiarid climate and their relation to microbial biomass

A high level of biological degradation is usually observed in soils under semiarid climate where the low inputs of vegetal debris constraint the development of microbiota. Among vegetal inputs, cellulose and lignin are dominant substrates but their assimilation by the microbial community of semiarid soils is yet not understood. In the present study, ¹³C-labeled cellulose and ¹³C-labeled lignin (75 μg ¹³C g⁻¹ soil) were added to two semiarid soils with different properties and degradation level. Abanilla soil is a bare, highly degraded soil without plant cover growing on it and a total organic C content of 5.0 g kg⁻¹; Santomera soil is covered by plants (20% coverage) based on xerophytic shrubs and has a total organic C content of 12.0 g kg⁻¹. The fate of added carbon was evaluated by analysis of the carbon isotope signature of bulk soil-derived carbon and extractable carbon fractions (water and sodium-pyrophosphate extracts). At long-term (120 days), we observed that the stability of cellulose- and lignin-derived carbon was dependent on their chemical nature. The contribution of lignin-derived carbon to the pool of humic substances was higher than that of cellulose. However, at short-term (30 days), the mineralization of the added substrates was more related to the degradation level of soils (i.e. microbial biomass). Stable isotope probing (SIP) of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA-SIP) analysis revealed that just a minor part of the microbial community assimilated the carbon derived from cellulose and lignin. Moreover, the relative contribution of each microbial group to the assimilation of lignin-derived carbon was different in each soil.     

稻田CH4产生途径研究进展

H2/CO2还原和乙酸（CH3COOH）发酵是稻田CH4产生的主要途径。碳同位素示踪技术、添加甲烷产生途径抑制剂和稳定性碳同位素方法是稻田CH4产生途径的主要研究方法。本文综述了这三种研究方法及研究结果,并指出了今后的研究重点：加强我国有关稻田CH4产生途径的研究;对比分析三种研究方法,查明研究结果存在差异的原因;加强同位素分馏系数a(CO2/CH4)和e(ac/CH4)以及碳同位素组成δ13CH4和δ13CH4(CO2/H2)的研究