草地生态系统碳循环及其影响因素研究进展

近年来,全球变化背景下草地生态系统的碳循环及其影响因素已经成为生态学、地学、植物学和农学的研究热点之一。本文介绍了草地碳循环的过程,探讨了碳素在大气、草地植被、草食动物和土壤中的周转途径,重点分析了气候因素、土壤因素、CO₂浓度升高及人为因素对碳循环过程的影响,以期加深草地生态系统碳循环及其影响因素的理解,并提出了草地生态系统碳循环研究尚需解决的主要问题和研究前景。     

中蜂品系间杂种优势利用研究初报

经过冬蜜花期对以湖北鄂西中蜂为母本、广东粤东地中蜂为父本的杂交一代与本地中蜂进行比较，结果表明：杂交一代的繁殖力和产蜜量分别比本地中蜂高4．4％和11％。夏季乌桕花期对回交代进行对比结果表明：其繁殖力和产蜜量分别比本地中蜂高6％和21％。     

Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories

Uncertainties in biomass estimates in Amazonian forests result in a broad range of possible magnitude for the emissions of carbon from deforestation and other land-use changes. This paper presents biomass equations developed from trees directly weighed in open forest on fertile soils in the southern Amazon (SA) and allometric equations for bole-volume estimates of trees in both dense and open forests. The equations were used to improve the commonly used biomass models based on large-scale wood-volume inventories carried out in Amazonian forest. The biomass estimates from the SA allometric equation indicate that equations developed in forests on infertile soils in central Amazonia (CA) result in overestimates if applied to trees in the open forests of SA. All aboveground components of 267 trees in open forests of SA were cut and weighed, and the proportion of the biomass stored in the crowns of trees in open forest was found to be higher than in dense forest. In the case of inventoried wood volume, corrections were applied for indentations and hollow trunks and it was determined that no adjustment is needed for the form factor used in the RadamBrasil volume formula. New values are suggested for use in models to convert wood volume to biomass estimates. A biomass map for Brazilian Amazonia was produced from 2702 plots inventoried by the RadamBrasil Project incorporating all corrections for wood density and wood volume and in factors used to add the bole volume of small trees and the crown biomass. Considering all adjustments, the biomass map indicates total biomass of 123.1 Gt (1 Gt = 1 billion tons) dry weight (aboveground + belowground) for originally forested areas in 1976 in the Brazilian Legal Amazon as a whole (102.3 Gt for aboveground only) at the time of the RadamBrasil inventories, which were carried out before intensive deforestation had occurred in the region. Excluded from this estimate are 529,000 km² of forest lacking sufficient RadamBrasil inventory data. After forest losses of 676,000 km² by 2006 – not counting 175,000 km² of this deforested area lacking RadamBrasil data – the estimated dry biomass stock was reduced to 105.4 and 87.6 Gt (aboveground + belowground and only above-ground). Thus, in 2006 the carbon storage in forested areas in Brazilian Amazonia as a whole will be around 51.1 Gt (assuming 1 Mg dry biomass = 0.485 Mg C). Biomass estimates by forest type (aggregated into 12 vegetation classes) are provided for each state in the Brazilian Legal Amazon.     

土木工程类研究生创新能力培养研究

根据工科类研究生培养工作的具体体会,在研究生科研创新意识、创新环境培育建设、创新过程引导方法、创新的传承和创新的目标管理等几个方面进行了探讨,并细致的阐述相关的方法,对推动研究生科研创新能力的提高有一定的借鉴价值。     

5个玉米人工合成群体选系的配合力分析

选用8个自交系为测验种,采用不完全双列杂交设计,对5个玉米人工合成群体新选的15个自交系的配合力、杂种优势以及主要性状遗传参数进行了分析。结果表明,单株产量GCA表现突出,且构成产量因子性状GCA表现也较好的新选自交系有GP2-1,GP5-2和GP5-5;SCA值高、杂种优势强的组合是48-2×GP3-3和ES40×GP1-2;在穗长、秃尖长、穗粗等12个性状中,亲本的基因加性效应对F1性状形成起主导作用,而穗重和单株产量的遗传变异主要来自于基因非加性效应。因此,对于高产组合的选配,至少要选择1个GCA高的材料作亲本,并在此基础上兼顾SCA的选择,而利用群体自交选系则应根据性状遗传特性决定其选择时期和选择强度。     

辽东栎伐桩萌苗的发育规律

通过对黄土高原黄龙山林区辽东栎林固定样地连续6年的调查,研究间伐强度分别为13.4％(弱度间伐)和30.0％(强度间伐)的辽东栎伐桩萌苗的存活与生长规律.结果表明:1)间伐第1年,辽东栎伐桩均有萌生枝发生,每桩萌生枝数量和萌生枝高度在不同强度间无显著差异;2)萌生枝数量受伐桩高度和直径的影响,当伐桩高度较低时,萌生枝数量随伐桩高度的增加而增加,超过20cm后随之减少,呈三次抛物线关系;伐桩萌生枝数量随着伐桩直径增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,直径30～50cm的伐桩萌生枝数量最多;3)伐桩萌生枝数量与最长萌生枝高度呈显著线性负相关,存在“萌生枝数量——高度权衡”现象;4)间伐第6年,伐桩的存活率为97.01％,强度间伐区萌生枝高度显著高于弱度间伐区;5)调查期间,辽东栎伐桩萌生枝数量逐年下降,伐桩产生的萌生枝数量越多,后期萌生枝死亡的数量也越多,表明伐桩能够自我稀疏,存在“萌代主”现象.在黄土高原地区,辽东栎伐桩萌芽潜力很大,应合理利用;间伐时伐桩高度应尽量低于20cm;伐桩直径在30～50cm更有利于其无性更新;间伐后伐桩应及时除蘖定株,促进萌生枝生长;间伐强度30.0％(强度间伐)更有利于辽东栎伐桩萌生枝的生长.     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.     

中亚鸢尾的花粉生活力及其授粉

以野生中亚鸢尾(Iris bloudowii)为试材，在一天不同时间采集花粉测定其生活力；同一时间采集花粉，测定花粉的贮藏能力；在一天的不同时间对去雄套袋的花朵进行人工异花授粉，测定最佳授粉时间；用套袈的方法测定该物种自花授粉是否结实。初步得出结论：当花朵开放后，随着时间的延长，花粉生活力逐渐下降；花粉贮藏时间在24h之内，能保持较强的生活力；最佳授粉时间在上午12时左右；初步测定：中亚鸢尾是自花授粉不亲和性植物。     

蛋氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼肌肉氨基酸组成及血清抗氧化能力的影响

为探讨蛋氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼生长过程中肌肉氨基酸组成及血清抗氧化能力的影响,通过在半精制基础饲料中添加DL-蛋氨酸,配制成蛋氨酸水平分别为0.26%、0.55%、0.85%、1.14%、1.44%和1.73%的6种等氮等能(32.09%粗蛋白质,17.82 kJ/g总能)的实验饲料。以初始体质量(66.76±2.29)g的吉富罗非鱼为实验对象,每种实验饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养实验鱼25尾,养殖系统为室内养殖系统,每天表观饱食投喂3次,养殖时间为60 d。结果显示,随着饲料蛋氨酸水平的升高,罗非鱼肌肉中各种氨基酸的含量、必需氨基酸总量(∑EAA)、氨基酸总量(∑TAA)、鲜味氨基酸总量(∑DAA)均呈先升后降的变化趋势,且均在1.14%水平组达到最大。但各实验组中必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量的比值(∑EAA/∑TAA)、鲜味氨基酸与氨基酸总量的比值(∑DAA/∑TAA)及支链氨基酸与芳香氨基酸的比值(∑BCAA/∑AAA)均无明显差异(P0.05);随着饲料蛋氨酸水平的升高,罗非鱼血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性随饲料蛋氨酸水平的升高均呈先升后降的变化趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)则呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势。研究表明,适宜的蛋氨酸水平能有效地改善罗非鱼肌肉的氨基酸组成,改善肌肉的品质,增强其抗氧化能力。     

盛荚期喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆籽粒硒含量及单株产量的影响

为了研究喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆籽粒硒含量及单株产量的影响,采用裂区设计,主区为盛荚期喷施不同用量的亚硒酸钠,共5个处理（CK（清水）：0 g/hm²,C1:30 g/hm²,C2: 60 g/hm²,C3: 90 g/hm²,C4: 120 g/hm²）,副区为8个大豆品种。分析8个大豆品种在喷施5种用量亚硒酸钠处理中籽粒硒含量及单株产量变化规律。结果表明,试验地土壤达到富硒水平,在CK处理中,不同大豆品种籽粒硒含量均未达到富硒大豆标准,需要额外喷施硒肥。随着喷施亚硒酸钠用量的增加,8个大豆品种籽粒中硒含量均呈增加趋势,亚硒酸钠用量与大豆籽粒硒含量呈显著或者极显著正相关。8个大豆品种籽粒硒含量均值随亚硒酸钠用量的增加呈上升趋势,与CK相比,C1～C4处理均能极显著提高8个大豆品种籽粒硒含量均值,提高了571.186 %～2 489.831%。亚硒酸钠用量对大豆籽粒硒含量的影响大于大豆品种对大豆籽粒硒含量的影响。喷施亚硒酸钠用量（X）与每种用量下8个大豆籽粒硒含量均值（Y -均）的直线回归方程为Y -均=0.012X+0.003,r =0.986,达到极显著正相关。根据该方程,当大豆籽粒硒含量达到富硒大豆标准（0.1～1 mg/kg）,喷施亚硒酸钠用量的范围为8.08～83.08 g/hm²。分析喷施亚硒酸钠用量与大豆籽粒硒含量的回归方程发现,郑9525的回归方程斜率最大,C4处理中籽粒硒含量达到最大值1.997 mg/kg,籽粒富集硒能力最强;齐黄34斜率最小,C4处理中籽粒硒含量达到最小值1.133 mg/kg,籽粒富集硒能力最弱。在本试验条件下,喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆单株产量没有显著影响。大豆品种对单株产量的影响大于亚硒酸钠用量对单株产量的影响。