The Effect of Season on the Histologic and Histomorphometric Appearance of the Equine Pituitary Gland

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of season on the histologic and histomorphometric appearance of the normal equine pituitary gland. Pituitary glands were collected at necropsy from 121 horses throughout the year. Plasma was also collected from 59 of these horses before euthanasia. Hematoxylin and eosin stained median sagittal sections of each pituitary were evaluated and histologically graded by three pathologists. Histomorphometric analysis was performed on the same slides. Plasma α-melanocyte stimulating hormone was measured by radioimmunoassay in a subset of horses (n = 59). A total of 118 pituitary glands were included in the study after exclusions were made on the basis of the presence of pars intermedia (PI) adenomas (>5 mm). There was a positive correlation between PI hormone concentration (α-melanocyte stimulating hormone) and PI area. Pituitary gland measurements and grades from samples collected in the fall were compared with those collected in the nonfall months using t-test. The PI area, total pituitary area, and PI/total pituitary ratio were significantly greater in the fall compared with nonfall months (P < .0001, P < .01, P < .0001, respectively). Pituitary grades were also higher in the fall compared with nonfall months (P < .001). There was no seasonal difference in pars distalis or pars nervosa area. The results of this study show that the normal equine pituitary shows seasonal changes in appearance and size. These changes must be considered when using postmortem histologic evaluations in the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction or for validation of antemortem diagnostic tests.     

柠条锦鸡儿营养成分动态变化及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解

本试验旨在研究内蒙古呼和浩特地区不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿营养成分的动态变化及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解特性。分别于孕蕾期、开花期和结实期采集当年生柠条锦鸡儿嫩枝条,测定初水分后在65℃烘箱中烘干,测定常规营养物质含量;选用安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古小尾寒羊3只,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法评定不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿营养成分的瘤胃降解特性。试验结果表明:1)开花期和结实期柠条锦鸡儿的干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著高于孕蕾期(P<0.05);不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿有机物(OM)、粗脂肪和无氮浸出物含量无显著差异(P>0.05);结实期粗灰分含量显著高于孕蕾期和开花期(P<0.05);孕蕾期和开花期柠条锦鸡儿中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著高于结实期(P<0.05),而酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著低于结实期(P<0.05);随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿木质素含量逐渐升高,开花和结实期显著高于孕蕾期(P<0.05);随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿钙含量显著提高(P<0.05),磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。2)随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿DM的72 h消失率和有效降解率逐渐降低,开花期和结实期DM的有效降解率无显著差异(P>0.05);不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿CP的72 h消失率无显著差异(P>0.05),但有效降解率孕蕾期显著高于开花期和结实期(P<0.05);随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿OM和NDF的72 h消失率和有效降解率均显著降低(P<0.05);开花期和结实期柠条锦鸡儿ADF的72 h消失率和有效降解率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于孕蕾期(P<0.05)。试验结果提示,结合不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿营养物质含量、饲草DM产量以及营养物质的瘤胃降解特性,开花期柠条锦鸡儿营养物质的利用效率最高,为最佳刈割时期。     

青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面剪切特性

[目的]分析不同因素对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响,为深入探讨青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木根系固土护坡机制提供理论依据。[方法]以区内优势灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)为研究对象,通过根—土界面直剪试验,分析根径级别为2.20±1.00～32.00±1.80 mm以及土体含水量、干密度和含盐量分别为6.00%～22.00%,1.20～1.60 g/cm³,0.59%～2.50%的条件下,各因素对柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响规律。[结果]在其他影响因素恒定的情况下,根径对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度无显著影响(p>0.05)。随着土体含水量由6.00%增大到22.00%,根—土界面黏聚力呈先增大后减小的趋势,当土体含水量达到14.00%时黏聚力达到峰值6.74 kPa;根—土界面摩擦角由21.40°降低至15.75°,呈线性函数降低趋势;根—土界面抗剪强度呈线性函数降低趋势。随着土体干密度由1.20 g/cm³增长至1.60 g/cm³,根—土界面黏聚力由...     

提高柠条饲料利用率的研究

柠条Caragana korshinskii粗纤维高、适口性差、利用率低,采用物理、生物、化学处理技术进行加工处理.结果表明:柠条经过粉碎制粒后饲喂家畜,利用率提高50%,家畜采食量增加20%～30%,质量增加15%左右;柠条添加5%玉米进行氨化处理,效果好,粗蛋白含量提高6.32%,粗纤维含量降低3.67%,木质素含量降低1.32%,无氮浸出物含量降低1.49%;柠条青贮后粗蛋白含量降低0.06%,粗纤维含量降低1.6%,木质素含量降低2.68%,无氮浸出物含量降低1.87%;添加5%尿素膨化处理,效果好,柠条粗蛋白含量提高10.53%,粗纤维含量降低1.37%,木质素含量降低3.03%,无氮浸出物含量降低8.69%;柠条微贮后,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、木质素含量变化不大,粗灰分含量增加1.36%,无氮浸出物含量增加2.59%.     

中间锦鸡儿生长发育过程中5个miRNAs及其靶基因的表达模式分析

利用qRT-PCR技术分析了5个miRNAs(cin-miR157a、cin-miR159a、cin-miR165a、cin-miR172b和cin-miR396a)及其靶基因在中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)不同发育阶段不同器官的表达变化。结果显示,5个miRNAs的表达模式均存在时空特异性,其中cin-miR159a、cin-miR165a、cin-miR172b、cin-miR396a在成年期营养器官中强烈表达,在幼年期和成年期生殖器官中弱表达;cin-miR157a在幼年期和成年期生殖器官中强烈表达,在成年期营养器官中弱表达。除cin-miR159a的靶基因MYB和cin-miR165a的靶基因HD-Zip Ⅲ外,其它被检测的miRNAs靶基因与相应的miRNAs的表达呈现出明显的相互消长的表达模式。该结果表明中间锦鸡儿miRNA可通过调控其靶基因的表达,进而调控发育阶段转变、器官形态建成、细胞分化等生物学过程。研究结果将为中间锦鸡儿的定向改良工作提供理论依据和基因资源。     

平茬对内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿群落植物的影响

为了了解平茬对灌丛群落草本植物的影响,本文以内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla Lam）群落为研究对象,设置了不平茬、一年平茬1次和一年平茬2次共3种处理,分析了平茬前后群落特征与植被化学计量特征的变化。结果表明：与未平茬相比,两种平茬处理下群落内禾本科植物密度均显著增加,平茬第二年禾本科生物量显著高于未平茬处理;平茬后两年内草地群落物种多样性指数随平茬次数增加均有增加趋势,且一年平茬2次处理时,Margalef丰富度指数显著高于未平茬处理;草本群落总生物量随平茬次数增加呈现先下降后增加的变化趋势;平茬后植被C、N含量、C/N比无显著变化,但植被N/P比显著增加。可见,平茬处理改变了小叶锦鸡儿群落的结构特征,提高了群落物种多样性及禾本科植物的密度,有助于典型草原的植被恢复。     

Soil chemical and microbiological properties along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla Lam. plantations in the Horqin sandy land of Northeast China

Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub, is a dominant native plant species widely planted to stabilize the moving and semi-moving sand dunes in the semi-arid Horqin sandy land of Northeast China. The objective of this study was to determine how C. microphylla plantations affected the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of a sandy soil. Soil samples at the depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm were collected from the C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 23 years. The results showed that shrub growth altered microclimate, increased litter input, and hence, improved soil water holding capacity, contents of total carbon, total N and microbial biomass C and N, electrical conductivity, and activities of urease, phosphomonoesterase, protease, dehydrogenase and polyphenol oxidase, and decreased soil bulk density. These trends increased with increasing plantation age but decreased with increasing soil depth. C. microphylla establishment could be an effective and applicable measure to restore vegetation and control desertification in the Horqin sandy land, and recommended for adoption in semi-arid sandy areas on a large scale.     

不同生境下柠条种子出苗及幼苗生长特征

为了揭示柠条种群实生更新的机制及其影响因素,在宁夏白芨滩自然保护区的人工柠条灌丛群落,设置不同的灌丛(柠条灌丛、沙蒿灌丛和裸露沙地)基部生境、不同坡位(底部、中部和顶部)的沙丘生境和柠条灌丛植株基部不同距离(0.5,1.5m和丛间沙地)生境,研究了柠条种子在不同生境下的出苗和幼苗生长特征。结果表明,1)不同生境(柠条灌丛、沙蒿灌丛和裸露沙地)和沙埋处理对柠条种子出苗率和留存率均具有显著影响(P0.05);在沙蒿灌丛,沙埋种子的早期出苗率显著高于地表种子(P0.05),且显著高于裸露沙地和柠条灌丛的沙埋种子(P0.05);种子的出苗率在沙蒿灌丛的沙埋处理最高,但不同生境间、沙埋和非沙埋种子间的差异均未达到显著水平。2)沙丘底部的种子出苗率显著大于沙丘顶部(P0.01),试验结束时约为沙丘顶部的20倍;各时期出苗率均在距柠条灌丛基部1.5m处最大,灌丛间沙地最小,沙丘不同部位生境的出苗率均在7月18日最高,整个试验期间的出苗率和出苗速率在不同生境间均无显著差异。3)幼苗株高、基径、主根长、根茎比和总干质量均在沙丘底部最大,而根冠比在沙丘顶部最大;距灌丛基部0.5m处幼苗的株高显著大于1.5m处幼苗(P0.05),幼苗主根长、根茎比和根冠比均随距灌丛距离的增大而增大,而总干质量随灌丛距离的增大而减小。     

水冬瓜叶的生药学及其近红外快速鉴别技术研究

采用近红外光谱技术对落叶小乔木水冬瓜叶进行生药学鉴别研究,并建立快速真伪定性鉴别模型。采集42批次水冬瓜叶药材近红外原始光谱并对原始光谱进行预处理,运用主成分分析法(PCA)建立水冬瓜叶药材定性鉴别模型。同时分别采用6批次水冬瓜叶药材、水冬瓜根皮药材与水冬瓜树皮药材验证模型。结果表明:水冬瓜叶互生,呈阔心形,先端渐尖;叶表皮细胞体积膨大,附有非腺毛、表面有气孔;粉末中富含方晶,导管为螺纹导管,气孔为平轴式。建立的近红外快速定性鉴别模型可以快速、准确地鉴别出水冬瓜叶药材正品,预测准确率为100%,为水冬瓜叶药材质量评价提供了一种新技术与方法,可为今后水冬瓜叶的鉴定及深入研究提供鉴定依据。