广东韶关国家森林公园药用植物资源分析

通过植物资源野外调查、标本采集和鉴定,对广东韶关国家森林公园药用植物资源进行了统 计分析。结果表明,广东韶关国家森林公园共有药用植物 507 种,隶属 122 科 343 属;其中蕨类药用植 物 18 科 21 属 30 种,裸子植物 1 科 1 属 1 种,被子植物 103 科 321 属 476 种;全草类、性凉类和清热类 分别在按用药部位、药性和功效分类中种数占比最高;整理了当地常见药用植物名录,并对该园野生药 用植物资源的保护和利用提出了建议,如建立野生药用植物数据库、建立小药园或开发相关旅游产品等。     

Modelling the response of terrestrial ecosystems to acidification and desiccation scenarios

Changes in vegetation are often caused by changes in abiotic site factors, such as pH, nitrogen availability and soil moisture. It has been recognized that abiotic site factors are affected by atmospheric deposition and groundwater-table changes. In order to evaluate the effects of eutrophication, acidification and desiccation on site factors, the model SMART2 has been developed. For the Netherlands combinations of two acidification and two seepage scenarios (1990–2050) were evaluated with SMART2. The results are focused on pH, nitrogen availability and base saturation. Calculations were made for combinations of five vegetation structures on seven soil types and the five groundwater-table classes, using a 1 km² grid. Results showed that deposition reductions lead to a relatively fast improvement of the site factors, increase in pH and base saturation and decrease in N availability. Whereas a reduction in groundwater abstractions of 25% has little or no effect on the pH and N availability.     

国家湿地公园生态文化景观营造研究——以银川阅海国家湿地公园建设为例

阐述了在银川阅海国家湿地公园规划、建设、管理过程中,对国家级湿地公园保护和利用及与地域生态文化景观特色结合的实践认识,对加快我国国家级湿地公园的建设与管理步伐有一定的借鉴意义。     

国家经济安全审计实施路径研究

国家经济安全审计是指审计机关依赖有效的审计制度对被审单位财政、财务收支和经济活动的真实性、合法性和效益性进行审计的基础上,针对经济安全的关键领域,识别、评估、预警和报告危害经济安全的风险,确保财产权益安全完整的一种审计模式。该模式奠定了审计监督在国家经济安全体系中的基础性地位。创新审计模式及审计策略、变革国家审计体制、构建以审计监督为基础的新型国家经济安全体系是国家经济安全审计的三大实施路径。     

Can epidemiology and economics make a meaningful contribution to national animal-disease control?

The general role of veterinary epidemiology and economics to national animal-disease control throughout the world is considered for the four main groupings of animal diseases: zoonotic, food-borne, endemic and epidemic diseases. This is done by considering how veterinary epidemiology and economics has contributed to priority setting (which diseases come first?), decision-making (for a given disease, which strategy is best?), and disease control implementation (how can optimal delivery and adoption of selected interventions best be achieved?). Within each of these categories, progress made and future opportunities are discussed. In addition, a review is made of how veterinary epidemiology and economics has been institutionalised. We conclude that veterinary epidemiology and economics holds a unique role in the development of national policies and strategies for improved animal health world-wide. However, we consider that we must capitalise more on the unique comparative advantage of the partnership between veterinarians and agricultural economists. We believe that much remains to be done to improve the "institutionalisation" of veterinary epidemiology and economics, and the adoption and impact of the products of our unique partnership, particularly in countries of the developing world.     

Developing environmental principles, criteria, indicators and norms for potato production in South Africa through field surveys and modelling

The sustainability of agricultural production is linked to the environment from which it draws its resources. Potato production in the Sandveld in the South African Western Cape occurs in the Cape Floral Kingdom: a vulnerable and globally significant biodiversity hotspot. A scientific approach defining and monitoring sustainability criteria and indicators is required to improve the sustainability of potato production in such a sensitive area. In this paper we propose principles related to the ecological impact of potato production (nature preservation, water preservation and the minimization of chemical and carbon-dioxide emissions) and their derived criteria related to land clearing, irrigation, emissions, and others. Next we defined calculable and measurable indicators of the efficiency with which resources are used, such as proportion of land cleared, water use by the crop, amount of biocides used, the embodied energy of biocides, and the energy needed for farming operations versus the potato yields obtained. In-depth interviews were held with 14 farmers representing 20% of the total potato production area to obtain the current values of these indicators. These were compared to model outcomes of two main sustainability indicators: land and water use efficiency. The land use efficiency varied least between growers, from (36 to 58 Mg (tonnes) ha⁻¹), water use efficiency returned values between 3 and 9 g potato l⁻¹ water, while chemical fertilizer phosphorus use efficiency varied most at 98 and 995 g potato g⁻¹ P applied. Model outcomes confirmed some of the trends revealed by the survey, e.g. growing potatoes in winter and growing them with less than optimal water offers possibilities to double water use efficiency. Ways to derive indicator threshold norms are proposed based on the knowledge of physical and biological processes determining resource availability, the observed variation among farmers and the model outcomes. Knowing indicator values, their range and the means to improve resource use efficiency will aid in establishing sustainability norms by providing a quantitative approach to any environmental certification scheme that wishes to licence the delivery of potatoes from the Sandveld.     

栽培基质、修剪和践踏对海滨雀稗草生长特性的影响

[目的]初步探讨栽培基质、修剪和践踏栽培因素对海滨雀稗草生长特性的影响。[方法]在海南省某高尔夫球场,以粒径为0.5mm的海沙和河沙为栽培基质材料,从海滨雀稗草圃选用当年生健壮茎段扦插进行草坪建植;对球场的高草区、球道区、发球区进行草坪草修剪作业,随机抽样观测该草坪的密度和质地,并以0、5、10、15、20、30、50人次的践踏方式进行践踏处理。[结果]2种栽培基质中,河沙处理使海滨雀稗草的根长为21.52cm,最大分蘖数为17,明显高于海沙处理,说明河沙有利于海滨雀稗草的生长,值得推广;修剪对海滨雀稗草的质地和密度有较大影响,草坪的质地和密度随着修剪高度的变化发生变化;适当的践踏有利于海滨雀稗草最大的生长。[结论]该研究结果可指导海滨雀稗草的生产与管理。     

三江源国家公园利益相关者利益协调机制构建

三江源国家公园作为我国首个国家公园体制试点,在管理体制、经营模式和生态保护方面进行了较多的探索与实践并取得了一定的成效,但因其涉及的利益相关者数量较多且关系复杂,难免会出现利益矛盾和冲突,而协调好各利益方的关系将成为其发展是否成功的关键。因此,文章在分析三江源国家公园利益相关者构成和其利益诉求共性与差异点的基础上,总结了其在利益相关者协调方面的现状和问题,提出增强各利益方之间沟通和协调的利益表达与协商、分配与补偿、监督与反馈、保障与激励4个方面的具体建议,这必将有助于实现三江源国家公园利益相关者的关系协调并最终实现多方利益的共赢。     

2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学项目受理与资助分析

本文分析了2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学的项目受理与资助情况,以环境地球科学学科土壤学有关的D0701环境土壤学、D0709基础土壤学、D0710土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力等三个二级申请代码为重点,对面上、青年科学基金、地区科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、优秀青年科学基金和重点等类别的项目的申请、受理、评议、资助立项、研究队伍、分类属性、关键词数据云等方面进行了统计与分析,旨在为今后的相关申请提供参考。     

九万山国家级自然保护区土壤动物的多样性

为了解九万山国家级自然保护区土壤动物群落的多样性,为该区生态系统的保护和可持续发展提供科学依据,于2014年9月对该区土壤动物群落进行调查分析。结果表明:此次调查共获得土壤动物3 967只,隶属4门11纲22目51科,其中优势类群为棘(虫兆)科、等节(虫兆)科和矛线科,共2 180只,占采集土壤动物总数的54.95%;常见类群为长须甲螨科、菌甲螨科、蚁科、厉螨科、圆(虫兆)科、罗甲螨科、莓螨科、步甲科、疣(虫兆)科和铗(虫八)科10类,共1 291只,占总数的32.54%;其余为稀有群落,共38类496只,占总数的12.5%。保护区土壤动物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数相对较高,群落均匀度较稳定。