When functional habitat does not match vegetation types: A resource-based approach to map butterfly habitat

The unambiguous recognition of a species’ habitat is a matter of debate. For terrestrial species, habitat is often defined as physical patches of a certain vegetation type in a matrix of non-habitat. Ecological resources that make up the habitat of a species may, however, only cover subsets of vegetation types or can be spatially dispersed in a complex way over different vegetation types. Here we present and test a procedure to recognize and delineate habitat according to a resource-based approach instead of a vegetation-based approach. We used the green hairstreak butterfly (Callophrys rubi) in a heathland landscape as a study case. Our resource-based habitat approach selects those zones that comprise essential resources and conditions within an appropriate spatial window. Variables that were retained in a logistic regression model were used to calculate larval, adult and combined habitat indices in a GIS, taking into account thermal constraints on resource-use, as this is a key habitat aspect for this heliothermous insect. To group different (and sometimes scattered) ecological resources into functional habitat zones, we derived a measure of space-use from mark-release-recapture data. By least-cost modelling this spatial window was adapted to the nature of the vegetation between sets of resources. The habitat zones that were delineated using this approach matched the observed distribution of butterflies significantly better than did a classic approach based on vegetation types with host plants only. Our approach provides concrete output for conservation purposes, like recognizing zones with the highest potential for habitat restoration.     

麦积山风景区蝶类区系研究

对麦积山风景区64种蝶类进行区系分析,结果表明,该区蝶类以古北界为主体,计31种,占总数的48.4%;东洋界13种,占总数的20.3%;东洋、古北二界共有种10种,占总数的15.6%;广布种10种,占总数的15.6%。属于甘肃省首次记录蝶类8种,其中三尾褐凤蝶（Bhutanitis thaidina）属国家Ⅱ级保护种。     

Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna

The conservation of biological diversity requires an integrated approach covering the ecological demands of a multitude of species. Integration may be achieved by focusing on a careful selection of target species, which is rare in practice. Calcareous grasslands offer a case in point. Although they harbour a high diversity of both plant and insect species, in management the emphasis is placed on the flora. This results in an underestimation of, notably, the importance of structural heterogeneity in the vegetation. As an apparent consequence, conservation management in the Netherlands has been much more successful for the flora than for butterflies. In contrast, Germany shows promising efforts to integrate both plant and animal species in conservation management and landscape planning. The main constraints for a successfully integrated conservation management presently consist of a limited availability and exchange of information, and an insufficient organisation of research and management at an international level.     

甘肃省蝶类新记录

记述了分布于甘肃省天水市的甘肃省蝶类新记录25种,隶属于3科20属,其中蛱螵科2种,灰蝶科17种,弄蝶科6种.     

甘肃麦积山景区的蝶类资源(四)

记述了麦积山景区的蝴蝶类昆虫74种,其中弄蝶科25种,灰蝶科49种。     

蝴蝶放飞的观赏性评价及人工调控研究

因气候原因放飞活动所需的蝴蝶大多需从南方引进,但在长距离运输时死亡率较高,确定蝴蝶最适储存温度和保存时间成为亟待解决的问题;蝶蛹也常被作为运输对象,而不同的环境会影响蝶蛹的羽化率和蝴蝶最终的成活率,故蝶蛹的羽化环境对放飞效果也起决定性作用;中国蝴蝶资源丰富,大都具有极高的观赏价值,确定适合放飞的蝴蝶种类也可以提升放飞效果。通过设置不同的温度和湿度统计蝴蝶的成活率来研究冷藏保存对蝴蝶的影响并确定最佳储存条件;通过分析不同的包装运输方式对蝴蝶和蛹的影响来确定最佳运输对象;结合蝴蝶在温室和网室内飞行的观赏价值判断哪些蝴蝶适合引进。引入的箭环蝶、美凤蝶、碧凤蝶、玉带凤蝶、达摩凤蝶、青斑蝶、虎斑蝶、金斑蝶、蓝点紫斑蝶和枯叶蛱蝶10种蝴蝶均具有较高的观赏价值;三角纸袋法包装通过空运运输可以确保较高的成活率,蝴蝶为92%,蝶蛹为97%,但蝶蛹的羽化率不高,最高的羽化率为72.6%;在温度18℃及相对湿度80%的条件下冷藏保存可以延缓蝴蝶放飞时间,大约为6d;不同种类蝴蝶飞行及访花行为存在一定差异,蓝点紫斑蝶和碧凤蝶可以在蝴蝶园自我繁殖。蝴蝶放飞活动可以运输的对象有蝴蝶成虫和蝶蛹2种,但引进蝴蝶成虫比引进蛹经济效益好;运输方式为三角纸包法通过空运运输最为合适;在温度18℃及相对湿度80%的条件下冷藏保存可以延缓蝴蝶放飞时间,大约为6d,可以为蝴蝶放飞提供参考,减少经济损失,提高放飞效果。     

长白山区蝶类区系与地理区划

在1999至2000年间,对长白山蝶类进行了调查,结果表明：已知蝶类有8科96属187种;长白山区蝶类区系组成以古北界种为主体,占种数的76％,广布种次之,占22％,东洋界种最少,占2％。根据聚类分析,并结合地形、气候和植被,可将长白山区蝶类地理区划为3个区。     

甘肃省蝶类新记录

介绍了分布于小陇山林区的甘肃省蝶类新记录25种。这25种蝶类隶属于7科23属,其中凤蝶科2种,眼蝶科2种,粉蝶科1种,蛱蝶科3种,灰蝶科8种,弄蝶科7种,斑蝶科2种。