Expression of EAAT3 in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in CPP reinstatement rats induced by morphine

AIM: To investigate the role of excitatory amino acid transporter 3(EAAT3) in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in morphine relapse by detecting the changes of EAAT3 expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in conditioned place preference (CPP) reinstatement rat model induced by morphine.METHODS: Forty adult male SD rats, weighing 200-250 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups with 8 rats each: control group, CPP establishment group (Es), CPP extinction group (Ex), reinstatement 2 h group (Re2) and reinstatement 4 h group (Re4).Intraperitoneal (ip) injection of morphine was applied at a constant dose (10 mg/kg) for 10 days to the established CPP model.Normal saline instead of morphine was used to induce CPP extinction for 10 days.CPP was reinstated following a single priming injection of morphine (2.5 mg/kg).After the CPP behavior test, the rats were sacrificed, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were collected for detecting the levels of EAAT3 by Western blotting.RESULTS: The accumulated time the rats spent in the drug-paired chamber was significantly longer in Es group, Re2 group and Re4 group than that in control group (P<0.05).Compared with control group, the expression of EAAT3 in prefrontal cortex significantly decreased both in Es group and Re4 group (P<0.05).No significant change of EAAT3 in hippocampus among groups was observed (P>0.05), while EAAT3 in hippocampal CA1 area significantly increased in Es group and Ex group as compared with control group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The expression of EAAT3 in prefrontal cortex decreases both in CPP establishment and reinstatement models, indicating that down-regulation of EAAT3 in prefrontal cortex may partly participate in the formation of opium relapse.     

Genetic diversity of a natural population of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii analysed from field nodules and by a plant infection technique

We compared trapping of Rhizobiumleguminosarum biovar trifolii isolates under field soil and non-soil environmental conditions. Isolates were obtained from white clover (Trifoliumrepens L.) and red clover (T. pratense L.) grown directly in the field and from plants inoculated with soil from the same site using a plant infection technique. Isolates were identified by genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting using primers derived from the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences. The isolates trapped from soil dilutions in the laboratory included a number of major ERIC types that were not found in the field trapped nodules, suggesting that sampling of clover Rhizobium strains from soil dilutions may not be representative of the field nodulating population.     

Effects of method, rate and timing of slurry application to grassland on the preference by cattle for treated and untreated areas of pasture

Two experiments were conducted in the UK to investigate preference by cattle for areas of pasture treated or untreated with dairy cow slurry. Experiment 1 examined the effects of method and rate of slurry applied to a grass pasture in March (Spring); Experiment 2 examined the effects of method and timing of slurry application after cutting for silage in June (Summer). In both experiments, beef steers grazed grassland plots that had been treated with slurry on one half only of the plots for 4 weeks. Slurry was applied by shallow injection (I), trailing shoe (T) or conventional surface broadcasting (S) techniques. In Experiment 1, slurry was applied at 40 m³ ha^?1 (HI) or 20 m³ ha^?1 (LO) 21 d before grazing commenced; in Experiment 2, slurry was applied at 20 m³ ha^?1 either 32 d (E) or 10 d (L) before grazing commenced. Sward height was measured and animal behaviour was recorded during 8 × 24 h measurement periods in each experiment. Preference for slurry‐treated or untreated swards was indicated by a comparison of post‐grazing sward height on each sward and the proportion of total grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated swards. In Experiment 1, a smaller proportion of grazing time was spent on slurry‐treated areas of swards compared with untreated areas of swards on all treatments, but the proportion of time spent grazing the slurry‐treated sward was greater on method T than on methods I or S (0·28, 0·31 and 0·39 for methods S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·035, P < 0·05). Steers showed no preference between slurry‐treated and untreated swards by 49, 45 and 44 d after slurry application for methods S, I and T respectively. Differences between HI and LO were not significant (P > 0·05). In Experiment 2, aversion to slurry‐treated swards compared with untreated swards was less for treatment E than for L, with a greater proportion of both residence and grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated sward of treatment E than L (0·43 and 0·28, respectively, for residence time, s.e.d. = 0·025, P < 0·001, and 0·47 and 0·30, respectively, for grazing time, s.e.d. = 0·021, P < 0·001). Significant differences were shown between the methods of slurry application for treatment E, with a greater proportion of grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated swards of methods I and T than method S (0·40, 0·52 and 0·49 for S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·032, P < 0·001), and a greater difference between post‐grazing heights on slurry‐treated and untreated swards for method S than for I or T (30, 12 and 15 mm, respectively, s.e.d. = 4·8, P < 0·001). For treatment L, differences in the proportion of time spent grazing on slurry‐treated swards compared with untreated swards were not significant between treatments (0·26, 0·34 and 0·31 for methods S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·040, P > 0·05) and indifference between slurry‐treated and untreated swards was achieved 77, 60 and 58 d after slurry spreading for methods S, I and T respectively. These results show that, when slurry is applied to pasture in a grazing rotation, the adverse effects on grazing behaviour associated with conventional surface broadcasting may be overcome by the use of novel slurry application techniques.     

Sexual mating preferences in vitro and in planta among Japanese isolates of Phytophthora infestans

The sexual preferences of Japanese isolates of Phytophthora infestans were determined by mating on agar, in broth, or in plants. The influence of their sexual preference was confirmed in the host tissues. Three wild-type isolates and a -glucuronidase (GUS) transformant were co-cultured to identify the origin of antheridia and oogonia. Japanese A1 isolate had a unique sexual preference compared with foreign isolates. It produced self-fertile oospores with about 40% of total gametangia but tended to form antheridia on V-8 agar medium. In addition, oospores were formed in plants, but their sexual preference could not be reflected in vitro.     

基于亲景度、SWOT方法的旅游客源市场分析 -以西安市的英国客源市场为例

本文借用中、英权威统计资料,运用亲景度指标和SWOT方法对西安旅游客源市场进行了分析。亲景度分析发现英国游客构成了西安最为稳定、最为忠实的客源市场。SWOT分析发现开发英国市场潜力巨大,机遇与挑战并存。对英国市场的拓展提出了具体建议,比如提高促销手段和服务水平,研究英国游客消费行为,研究客源分流国与分流地旅游产品特色及营销手段,早日开通两地航线等。     

西安生态文化建设的社会需求分析（III）：公众偏好——生态文化活动体系的调查与分析

文中针对生态文化社会活动体系的公众偏好展开研究,通过问卷调查的方式,从生态文化社会活动体系的建设必要性与生态文化社会活动体系的公众偏好性两个方面对其进行了调查与分析,结果表明：1）超过一半的公众将其生态态度与生态实际行为的偏差归结为没有社会活动或者人的引导与带动,生态文化社会活动体系的建设具有现实的必要性;2）公众对各种类型的生态文化活动存在不同的偏好度,其中公益型和体验型社会活动在公众中具有最普遍的喜爱度和认知度。在基础上,文中进一步分析出目前生态文化社会活动体系存在的数量上存在较大缺口、内容上创新性不够、形式多样性不够、开展持久性不够等问题,最后针对这些问题提出了西安生态文化社会活动体系建设的相应对策。     

Foot use and hand preference during feeding in captive black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)

Postural origin theory predicts that body postures are related to hand preference in nonhuman primates due to hemispheric specialization. Foot preference, especially in manipulating objects, is also a good predictor of hemispheric specialization in humans. We studied limb (hand and foot) preferences in 11 captive adult black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) to see how limb preference is influenced by postures and foot manipulation. Hand preference was significantly different for this group between quadrupedal standing and clinging postures, and sitting and clinging postures, but not between bipedal standing and clinging postures. Individuals were significantly more likely to use the right hand in the clinging posture than in quadrupedal standing or sitting postures. In the sitting posture, individuals maintained their respective hand preference even when the food was on the other side of the body. There was a gender difference in the sitting posture, where females preferred their right hand but males preferred their left. Individuals who did not routinely use their feet to manipulate objects, compared to those who did, shifted to greater right hand use from the clinging posture to the bipedal posture. One male individual and his offspring were more likely to use their feet to manipulate objects than the rest of the monkeys. In the present study, we reveal the first evidence of a postural effect on hand preference in R. bieti as well as a foot preference in this species. Our results mostly agree with the postural origin theory and hemispheric specialization.     

消费者对转基因食品的消费偏好研究

转基因食品自问世以来在各个国家都饱受争议。消费者对转基因食品的消费偏好是转基因食品推广的基础。在前人的研究基础上,采用实地实验的方法来研究消费者的消费偏好。同时,在实地实验中加入风险偏好的测量实验,研究消费者的风险偏好对转基因食品消费偏好的影响。研究结果表明,消费者对转基因食品的消费偏好有明显的下降,风险偏好程度对转基因食品的消费态度并没有显著的影响。     

森林旅游解说规划中的空间、信息与媒体关系模型构建——以天际岭国家森林公园为例

生态文明建设是中华民族永续发展的千年大计,要促进生态、文化和旅游的相互融合。森林旅游解说作为森林旅游过程中必不可少的传播手段,在我国生态文明建设中发挥着重要的作用。以往的文献中,多从游客角度来研究旅游解说规划,空间视角的相关文献甚少,且研究单一。旅游移动性作为旅游的本质属性,从空间视角认识旅游解说规划中的信息与媒体关系将有助于编制科学的旅游解说规划。以湖南天际岭国家森林公园为例,基于实地访谈法与内容分析法,通过对点-线-功能区-公园-区域等5个空间尺度下的80名游客解说需求与媒体偏好进行研究,构建了森林公园解说规划空间尺度、信息需求与媒体偏好概念模型,具有一定的创新性。研究发现,处于不同空间尺度下的游客对解说信息与媒体偏好存在较大的差异性,并指出游客解说信息需求呈现一定的尺度上升趋势,反之则表现不明显。