Antagonistic effect ofTrichoderma harzianum on postharvest pathogens of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)

Trichoderma harzianum (TrH 40) isolated from soil samples from rambutan orchards (Nephelium lappaceum) had antagonistic effects against three postharvest pathogens of rambutan:Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum, causative fungi of stem end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. The effects were due to both antibiosis and mycoparasitism.T. harzianum (TrH 40) treatment, while reducing the occurrence of the three postharvest diseases, also retained the overall quality and color of the fruits.     

1株桑根腐病拮抗细菌的分离鉴定及田间防治效果

【目的】筛选出对桑根腐病菌可可毛色二孢Lasiodiplodia theobromae有显著拮抗作用的细菌,并测定其田间防治效果。【方法】采用平板稀释法从健康桑树根际土壤中分离细菌;采用平板对峙法和孢子萌发法筛选出对靶标菌株有显著拮抗作用的菌株。通过形态观察、生理生化特征测定、gyr A和gyr B基因序列鉴定拮抗细菌菌株。设置田间小区试验,测定拮抗菌株在自然条件下的生防效果。【结果】从桑树根际土壤中分离出8株对L.theobromae有抑制作用的细菌,其中菌株YZ14-3的抑制效果最好。该菌株及其培养液对L.theobromae菌丝生长的抑制率分别为73.3%和55.6%,挑取抑菌圈上的L.theobromae菌丝镜检发现,菌丝畸形膨大;L.theobromae分生孢子在YZ14-3的培养液中不能萌发,且分生孢子因细胞壁降解而解体;经形态观察、生理生化特征测定和基于gyr A和gyr B基因序列BLAST分析结果构建的系统发育树,YZ14-3被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;大田防治试验结果表明,YZ14-3的生防效果达67.94%。【结论】B.amyloliquefaciens菌株YZ14-3对L.theobromae的抑制效果较显著,可应用于L.theobromae所致病害的生物防治。     

朱槿茎腐病病原鉴定

朱槿(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis),又名扶桑、佛桑、大红花、赤槿、桑槿、红木槿,为锦葵科木槿属常绿灌木或小乔木.其花型娇美,花色艳丽,不仅是斐济、苏丹、马来西亚等国的国花,同时也是我国广西省南宁市、云南省玉溪市以及台湾省高雄市的市花.在南宁,朱槿作为一种重要的园林绿化树种,被栽植于街道、公园、花坛及庭...     

毛葡萄穗轴褐腐病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

罗城仫佬族自治县是广西毛葡萄主产区。穗轴褐腐病是近年为害毛葡萄花穗穗轴的主要病害。作者根据病原菌形态、致病性,并利用分子鉴定方法,将该病的致病菌鉴定为可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)。该病菌生长最适温度为28~30℃;可生长pH值为3~11.5,其中,pH 3~4利于病原菌产生分生孢子;能有效利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉等14种供试碳源,但以葡萄糖最好;能利用DL-丙氨酸、硝酸钠、DL-甲硫氨酸等10种供试氮源,但以DL-丙氨酸最适。     

葡萄 VvSUC 27基因的克隆及病原响应表达分析

由葡萄座腔菌科Botryosphaeriaceae真菌引起的葡萄溃疡病(Botryosphaeria dieback)是葡萄上的主要枝干病害之一, 严重影响葡萄产业的健康发展?其中, 致病力最强的为可可毛色二孢 Lasiodiplodia theobromae ?糖转运蛋白在调节植物对病原菌的免疫过程中起着至关重要的作用, 关于葡萄中糖转运蛋白参与植物免疫机制的研究尚未见报道?本试验从‘无核白’葡萄叶片中克隆得到蔗糖转运蛋白 VvSUC 27基因, 其开放阅读框全长1 515 bp, 预测蛋白质分子量为54 kD, 理论等电点(pI)为9.58?生物信息学预测该蛋白含有12个跨膜结构?实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析表明:氨基环丙烷羧酸和脱落酸处理后 VvSUC 27的表达水平持续上调; 水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯处理后, VvSUC 27的表达呈现上调表现但无规律的变化特征; 激发子chitin和flg22处理后, VvSUC 27基因信号响应快速且明显; 感病品种‘夏黑’接种可可毛色二孢后, VvSUC 27被迅速诱导, 3 h时表达量达到最高, 而后逐渐减弱?本研究将为今后阐明可可毛色二孢与葡萄互作的分子机制提供参考依据?     

海南芒果蒂腐病可可球二孢抗药性及遗传多样性分析

探索海南芒果蒂腐可可球二孢(Botryodiplodia theobromae)的抗药性、培养特性及遗传多样性的关系。以区分剂量法检测30个菌株对10种杀菌剂的敏感性,采用RAPD技术对菌株的遗传多样性进行分析。研究表明,芒果可可球二孢菌株对多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、醚菌酯、嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和咪鲜胺锰盐7种杀菌剂产生了抗药性,抗性菌株比率(MR和HR)分别为66.67%、70.00%、90.00%、76.67%、53.33%、20.00%和16.67%。供试菌株的培养特性存在明显差异。应用6个随机引物对共扩增出64条带,DNA多态率高达90.6%,遗传距离在0.58~0.86,芒果蒂腐病菌遗传分化较大。在遗传距离为0.65时,可分为两个群,群Ⅰ分成3个类群,共有26个菌株,群Ⅱ分成2个类群。聚合类型与菌株的抗药性表现一致。菌株的致死温度与聚合类型、抗药性有一定的关联。     

引起橡胶和马尾松木材蓝变的真菌—可可球二孢

可可球二泡(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)早在1879年就被Cooke发现,目前,至少拥有48个异名,常见的异名是Diplodia theobromae(Pat.)Nowell,Diplodia natalensis PoleEvans,Lasiodiplodia theobromae(Pat.)Griff.＆ Maubl。Punithalingam和Sutton分别对该菌作过详细的评述。它广泛分布于热带、亚热带和温带。其寄主植物已知约500种,它不但引起植物病害,而且还引起木材蓝变,是引起热带阔叶树木材蓝变的主要真菌之一。虽然国外对这种真菌已进行了大量研究,但国内研究尚少,由它引起的木材蓝变,国内尚未见报道。     

Die-back of kiaat (Pterocarpus angolensis) in southern Africa: a cause for concern?

Pterocarpus angolensis (kiaat) is a well-known southern African tree species of commercial importance that occurs in several vegetation types in the Zambezian regional centre of endemism. The most prominent of these vegetation types are the Zambezian miombo woodland and undifferentiated woodland. A diverse range of ecosystems within these vegetation types necessitate adaptation by tree species to survive extremes of drought, temperature, altitude, soil nutrition and tolerate fire in order to compete with other plant species. There are several reports of a die-back disease of P. angolensis in Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, but very little is known regarding the cause or significance of this problem. In this review, we provide details regarding the history of the disease and consider its possible causal agents. A pathology study conducted at three locations in South Africa on diseased and dying trees resulted in the collection of 199 fungal isolates; comprising saprophytic species such as Candida, Penicillium and Humicola, and potentially pathogenic species such as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Cytospora spp. and Fusarium spp. Drought, during several years preceding disease, along with a lack of fire management may have contributed to both the present and past reports of tree die-back and death. Finally, an analysis is made of the importance of the problem and actions that might be taken to alleviate it.     

芒果主要病原菌拮抗微生物的分离筛选

研究了19株拮抗菌对芒果炭疽病菌和蒂腐病菌的拮抗作用,其中以X-98-2对2种病原菌拮抗作用最强,其发酵液可大大降低芒果炭疽病和蒂腐病的发病率,提高芒果贮藏期的果品质量,经初步鉴定该菌为芽孢杆菌属。采用GC／MS对其发酵上清液分析表明,其抑菌活性成分为氨基糖苷类抗生素。     

橡胶树可可毛色二孢叶斑病菌生物学特性及药剂筛选试验

由可可毛色二孢菌引起的橡胶树叶斑病是广东、海南、云南地区橡胶树的一种新病害,通过对该病原菌生物学特性研究和室内高效低毒化学药剂筛选,为该病害的防治提供理论依据。选取经鉴定的主要代表菌株,采用实验室常规法研究该病原菌的生物学特性,并用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对病原菌的毒力。结果显示其菌丝最适生长温度为30℃;最适生长pH范围为6~8;致死温度为53℃处理10min;最适菌落生长碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为牛肉浸膏;不同光照条件对菌丝生长有影响,在24h光照菌丝生长最快。10种杀菌剂对可可毛色二孢的毒力差异显著,其中多菌灵EC50最低,为0.0675μg/mL;其次为甲基硫菌灵,EC50为0.2019μg/mL。可见,橡胶树可可毛色二孢是一种适应性极强的高温适生菌;杀菌剂室内毒力测定结果表明,可以用多菌灵、丙环唑、甲基硫菌灵、苯醚甲环唑等药剂防治橡胶树可可毛色二孢叶斑病。