黄河源区黑土滩人工草地牧草植物量及营养动态研究

对黄河源区黑土滩人工草地在封育和放牧两种不同管理方式下,从8月到翌年的4月进行了地上植物量及牧草营养成分动态研究,结果表明:从8月到翌年4月牧草的自然损失量为138.7g/m~2,损失率为34.3%,家畜的采食量为174.9g/m~2,草地的实际利用率为43.3%;整个冷季牧草总体营养价值呈下降趋势,封育草地粗蛋白降低了56.87%,粗脂肪降低了51.09%。该类草地在夏季属碳氮营养型(CN),冬季属碳营养型(C)。     

Increased ectopic fat cells in the longitudinal muscularis layer of the oviduct isthmus in obese Japanese Black cows

In obese humans, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to become ectopic fat cells in muscles. These ectopic fat cells inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscles. Stem cells have been recently identified in the human oviduct, a structure important in reproduction. We therefore investigated the number of Oil Red O (ORO)‐positive cells in the oviducts of control Japanese Black cows (n = 6; body condition score [BCS], 3.0 on a 5‐point scale) compared to those with diet‐induced obesity (n = 5; BCS, 4.0). We stained the ampulla and isthmus collected on the second day after ovulation with ORO and then counted the positive cells in each layer in 10 cross‐sections of the ampulla or isthmus. The obese group (23.4 ± 3.4 in the 10 sections) had larger numbers of ORO‐positive cells in the longitudinal muscularis of the isthmus (P < 0.05) than did the control group (15.0 ± 2.4). ORO‐positive cells were also observed in all other layers of the isthmus and ampulla; however, the number of cells in these layers did not differ significantly between obese cows and controls. Whether this observed increase in ORO‐positive cells in the oviducts of obese cows affects their reproduction warrants further study.     

卷丹百合黑斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

随着卷丹百合种植面积的扩大,卷丹百合叶部真菌性病害也越来越严重,尤其在2014年6~7月份,由于降水偏多,卷丹百合叶部病害大发生,6月中旬重病田卷丹百合枯死株率达50%~70%,部分田块卷丹百合地上部全部枯死。从卷丹百合发病叶片分离得到病原菌,进行致病性鉴定、孢子形态观察、18S rDNA序列分析,生物学特性研究,结果表明,该病原菌为半知菌链格孢（ Alternaria alternata）。该菌菌丝生长致死温度为55℃;适宜 pH为6~7;在供试的几种碳、氮源中,最适的碳源是麦芽糖,最适的氮源是酵母。     

基于模糊模式的蝗虫图像识别方法

蝗灾是中国农业病虫害防治的重点,采用低空机载蝗虫预警系统技术,对拍摄图像中蝗虫识别和计数,实现蝗虫监测,可以弥补蝗虫地面人工监测的不足。以广东省清远市英德区域农田为试验区,采用数码相机采集蝗虫图像,对蝗虫区域和背景的RGB分量平均值进行对比分析,选用超G绝对值法进行灰度转换,实现蝗虫与背景分离。通过面积统计对比,确定单个蝗虫的面积和周长特征,建立单个蝗虫模糊集和粘连重叠蝗虫区域模糊集,采用最大隶属度原则可以判定蝗虫连通区域为单个蝗虫或是存在图像粘连重叠。用模糊识别方法对单个和粘连重叠的区域分别计算数量,准     

Evaluation of an Indian collection of black gram germplasm and identification of resistance sources to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of black gram is an important production constraint in India. Black gram germplasm, consisting of 344 accessions, originally collected from different geographic regions of India and conserved in National Gene Bank at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, India, were evaluated for their response against YMD. None of the accessions tested was found to be immune, however, considerable variation in disease response was observed among them. Of the 344 accessions, 32 showed resistance in the field during the rainy season (June–September) 2010 as assessed by coefficient of infection (CI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). These accessions were re-evaluated during rainy season (June–September) 2011 and 2012 for their disease resistance along with yield-associated characters. Eight accessions that exhibited consistently highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) reaction (CI ≤ 9) along with lower AUDPC value (≤650), were further evaluated following inoculation with whiteflies or via agroinoculation. Along with the resistant trait, these eight accessions were also found either similar or even better in their yield potential as compared to check. After artificial inoculation using viruliferous whiteflies under glasshouse, of the eight field-resistant accessions, response of two (IC144901 and IC001572) were categorized as HR as <10% plants exhibited minute yellow specks after 17–22 dpi. Two accessions viz. IC011613 and IC485638 showed <20% incidence with bright yellow specks or spots after 15–20 dpi and were grouped into R category. The resistance of these four accessions was further confirmed through agroinoculation of the infectious cloned viral DNA under controlled conditions. In resistant accessions low accumulation of viral DNA was observed over a period of time. These four accessions could be used in future breeding programmes to develop black gram cultivars resistant to YMD or could be used directly as varieties to manage YMD after adaption to various agro-climatic regions.     

通过茶类结构调整拓展市场

为了适应不同消费群体需求和市场发展变化,台州市桐坑茶业有限公司通过适度调整茶类结构,研制开发红茶及大叶苦丁茶,面向大众消费,拓展茶叶市场,使经济效益和知名度得到进一步提高.     

Effects of GH gene polymorphism and sex on carcass traits and fatty acid compositions in Japanese Black cattle

To investigate the effects of bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene polymorphism on carcass traits and fatty acid compositions in Japanese Black cattle caused by nucleotide substitution of CTG (allele A)/GTG (allele B) at codon 127 and of ACG (allele A and B)/ATG (allele C) at codon 172 of bGH, GH genotypes of 135 cattle were determined using allele specific-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Allele A gave greater rib thickness and lower melting point of fat (MP) while allele B gave higher C18:1% ( P  < 0.05). Allele C gave higher C18:1, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) percentages ( P  < 0.05). It also gave lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) percentages, higher MUFA/SFA and USFA/SFA ratios, and lower MP ( P  < 0.05). Interactions of sex and GH alleles were analyzed. In heifers, allele A gave higher carcass weight, daily carcass gain, rib eye area, rib thickness, subcutaneous fat thickness, and BMS while allele B gave greater rib eye area and rib thickness ( P  < 0.05). Allele C gave higher C18:1 ( P  < 0.01), MUFA ( P  < 0.01), USFA percentages ( P  < 0.05) and MUFA/SFA and USFA/SFA ratios ( P  < 0.01), and lower C16:0 and SFA percentages ( P  < 0.05) and MP ( P  < 0.01). GH gene polymorphism affected carcass traits and fatty acid compositions although the effects were more pronounced in heifers.     

耕作方式对黑土有机碳及有机无机复合状况的影响

[目的]研究耕作方式对黑土有机碳数量的变化、有机无机复合度及腐殖质结合形态的影响。[方法]采用设置休闲、玉米连作和玉米—大豆轮作3种耕作方式进行长期定位试验。[结果]不同耕作方式对黑土有机无机复合状况有明显的影响。休闲、连作及轮作均能增加土壤有机碳及其各组分、重组有机碳含量以及原土复合量,提高土壤活性有机碳含量,降低土壤有机碳的氧化稳定性及原土复合度。连作和轮作增加黑土土壤追加复合量和追加复合度,以轮作效果最好。不同耕作方式中各种结合形态的腐殖质在绝对含量上均有明显提高,以松结合态腐殖质增加较多。[结论]轮作更有利于提高土壤HA/FA比值、HA的E4/E6比值、土壤松结合态腐殖质含量及土壤重组腐殖质碳的松/稳和松/紧比值。     

黑木耳的营养功效及其在食品行业的加工现状

黑木耳是一种药食两用的食用菌,富含木耳多糖、蛋白质、粗纤维、维生素B以及钙磷铁等微量元素,具有滋阴养血、补肝润肺、强体通便等功效。目前国内食品制造企业以天然种植黑木耳为主要原料,研制出了黑木耳饼干、黑木耳馒头、黑木耳果冻等深加工产品。本文对黑木耳的营养成分、活性功效以及食品深加工方面进行综述,为黑木耳高附加值产品的深度开发提供一定的参考。     

Genetic and genomic analyses for predicted methane‐related traits in Japanese Black steers

The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters and to perform a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) for predicted methane‐related traits in Japanese Black steers. The methane production and yield traits were predicted using on‐farm measurable traits, such as dry matter intake and average daily gain. A total of 4,578 Japanese Black steers, which were progenies of 362 sires genotyped with imputed 551,995 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), had phenotypes of predicted methane‐related traits during the total fattening period (52 weeks). For the estimation of genetic parameters, the estimated heritabilities were moderate (ranged from 0.57 to 0.60). In addition, the estimated genetic correlations of methane production traits with most of carcass traits and feed‐efficiency traits were unfavorable, but those of methane yield traits were favorable or low. For the GWAS, no genome‐wide significant SNP was detected, but a total of four quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions that explained more than 5.0% of genetic variance were localized on the genome, and some candidate genes associated with growth and feed‐efficiency traits were located on the regions. Our results suggest that the predicted methane‐related traits are heritable and some QTL regions for the traits are localized on the genome in Japanese Black steers.