大黄和公丁香对致病性哈氏弧菌及其生物膜的体外抑制作用

[目的]观察大黄（Rheum officinale）和公丁香（Flos caryophylli对哈氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）及其生物膜（Biofilm）的体外抑制作用.[方法]采用琼脂扩散法测定大黄和公丁香对哈氏弧菌的体外抑菌作用;采用倍比稀释法测定大黄和公丁香对哈氏弧菌最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）;采用MTT法评价2种中草药液对哈氏弧菌生物膜形成的影响.[结果]大黄对哈氏弧菌的抑菌圈直径为（15.31±0.4）mm,MIC和MBC均为7.813 mg/m1;公丁香对哈氏弧菌的抑菌圈直径为（11.53±0.6）mm,MIC和MBC分别为15.625和62.5 mg/ml;2种中草药液浓度分别在7.81和0.97 mg/ml以上时对生物膜的形成有极显著抑制作用（P＜0.01）.[结论]大黄和公丁香对哈氏弧菌及其生物膜均有明显抑制作用,其中大黄的作用比公丁香更强.     

外界环境因素对戊糖乳杆菌生物膜形成的影响

以一株分离自新疆传统乳制品中生物膜强阳性的戊糖乳杆菌为研究对象,采用微量板半定量法分别探索了不同理化因素及几种食品添加剂对乳酸菌生物膜形成的影响。结果表明戊糖乳杆菌生物膜形成的最佳理化条件为接种量1∶200、培养温度37℃、培养时间48 h、葡萄糖质量分数2%、p H值5.8~6.8,Ca2+及乳酸的加入基本能完全抑制生物膜的形成。     

人工鱼礁表面分离细菌形成单一生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为探讨存在于人工鱼礁表面的海洋细菌与贝类附着之间的互作关系,本研究从自然海域中的人工鱼礁表面上分离了9株海洋细菌,并分别构建单一细菌生物被膜,探索不同细菌种属形成的生物被膜特性与厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝附着之间的关系。结果显示,9株人工鱼礁表面细菌形成的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的诱导活性存在显著差异,其中,Mesoflavibacter sp.2对稚贝附着的诱导活性最高,Phaeobacter sp.2的诱导活性最低。Sutcliffiella sp.1和Jeotgalibacillus sp.1的细菌密度与诱导活性呈显著正相关,Cytobacillus sp.1和Phaeobacter sp.2的细菌密度与诱导活性呈显著负相关。通过比较分析Mesoflavibacter sp.2和Phaeobacter sp.2生物被膜的蛋白质及多糖含量发现,生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的诱导活性与多糖含量呈显著负相关,与蛋白质含量呈正相关。本研究初步探索了人工鱼礁表面细菌形成的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响,为后续在自然海区进一步解析人工鱼礁表面生物被膜与海洋无脊椎动物附着的互作关系具有重要理论研究意义,同时,对于人工鱼礁表面海洋生物附着机制的研究具有重要的实践价值。     

Biofilm formation in field strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: identification of a new colony morphology type and the role of SGI1 in biofilm formation

In this study we examined the extent of biofilm formation in field strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), an important foodborne pathogen. Ninety-four field strains of S. Typhimurium were tested for their ability to form biofilm and components contributing to its formation. Most S. Typhimurium strains were highly capable of biofilm formation except for strains of phage type DT2 originating from pigeons. The most efficient biofilm forming strains were those of phage type DT104 positive for Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). A comparison of SGI1 positive and negative strains indicated that the increased biofilm formation of SGI1 positive strains was associated with the presence of this genomic island. Finally, in five strains we found an alternative strategy of biofilm formation independent of curli fimbriae and cellulose production but solely dependent on an overproduction of capsular polysaccharide. Due to a mucoid and brown appearance on Congo Red agar we designated these strains as belonging to the SBAM (smooth brown and mucoid) morphotype.     

Biofilm development within a larval rearing tank of the tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus

The role of bacterial biofilms in disease processes is becoming increasingly recognised in both clinical and environmental settings. Biofilm development within a rearing tank of the tropical rock lobster Panulirus ornatus was studied to evaluate if the biofilm is a reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria that cause mass larval mortalities. Within a 5000 L larval rearing tank, fiberglass microscope slides were systematically distributed during a standard rearing attempt to assess biofilm development. Culture-based counts for two media types, TCBS and Marine Agar (MA), demonstrated increased bacterial densities until days 11 and 13 respectively. For both media types, a drop in the plate counts was followed by a subsequent increase towards the end of the experiment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that cell densities decreased between days 13 and 17, most likely due to sloughing of the biofilm into the water column. SEM images revealed distinct changes in dominant morphologies reflecting a succession of bacterial populations. A dynamic succession of microbial species during biofilm development was also demonstrated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in combination with statistical ordination analysis. Prominent changes in the DGGE profiles coincided with the decrease in bacterial numbers observed by SEM and plating on MA between days 13 and 17. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified -Proteobacteria as being numerically abundant in the biofilm. This was supported by results from DGGE analysis, which retrieved only sequences affiliated with - and γ-Proteobacteria. DGGE bands affiliated with Vibrio became dominant towards the end of the larval run (days 21 to 24). A Vibrio harveyi strain isolated from the biofilm late in the larval rearing trial (day 24) demonstrated increased larval mortality in small scale phyllosoma survival studies. The detection of Vibrionaceae at the end of the larval trial coincided with mass phyllosoma mortality and show that the biofilm is a reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria.     

奶牛乳房炎源性金黄色葡萄球菌分离株N_2的耐药性分析及其基因特征

以乳房炎源性金黄色葡萄球菌分离株N2为研究对象,采用纸片扩散法分析了耐药性,应用刚果红法检测了生物被膜形成能力,利用PCR法扩增了8种生物被膜形成基因和9种肠毒素基因。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌分离株N2具有广泛的耐药性,仅对苯唑西林高度敏感,具有较强的生物被膜形成能力,携带除bap外所有的被测生物被膜相关基因和sea、sec、seg、sei 4种肠毒素基因。结果表示金黄色葡萄球菌分离株N2可能存在多种侵袭方式,在临床上难以防治,为进一步以该菌株为研究材料进行相关研究奠定了基础。     

A bradyrhizobial-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium</Emphasis> spp. biofilm with nitrogenase activity improves N<Subscript>2</Subscript> fixing symbiosis of soybean

A bradyrhizobial-fungal biofilm (i.e. Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 5019-Penicillium spp.) developed in vitro was assayed for its nitrogenase activity and was evaluated for N₂-fixing symbiosis with soybean under greenhouse conditions. The biofilm showed nitrogenase activity, but the bradyrhizobial strain alone did not. Shoot and root growth, nodulation and N accumulation of soybean increased significantly with an inoculum developed from the biofilm. This study concludes that such biofilmed inoculants can improve N₂-fixing symbiosis in legumes, and can also directly contribute to soil N fertility in the long term. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the performance of these inoculants under field conditions.     

维药材疏花蔷薇果提取物的体外抑菌作用研究

[目的]研究疏花蔷薇果不同极性溶剂的提取物的体外抑菌活性,寻找抗菌活性成分。[方法]采用微孔板法和稀释法研究疏花蔷薇果不同极性溶剂的提取物对变异链球菌和大肠杆菌生长及其生物膜形成的影响。[结果]疏花蔷薇果的乙酸乙酯提取物对变异链球菌的生长有一定抑制作用,不同极性溶剂的提取物对变异链球菌生物膜的形成均有明显作用;疏花蔷薇果不同极性溶剂的提取物对大肠杆菌生物膜的形成均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中,氯仿提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌效果最强。[结论]疏花蔷薇果提取物对变异链球菌生长和大肠杆菌生物膜形成具有较好的抑制作用,值得进一步研究。     

Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine bulk-tank milk: Effects of the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants for teat-dipping

Teat-dipping is one of the most effective methods to prevent mammary infections in ruminants, including sub-clinical mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Improper disinfectant application could expose microorganisms to sub-inhibitory concentrations leading to phenotypic variations. In this study, 12 chlorhexidine-digluconate (CHDG)-tolerant (of which 4 qac positive) and 12 benzalkonium chloride (BC)-tolerant (of which 7 qac-positive) CoNS isolates from ovine milk were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHDG and BC, respectively. Changes in disinfectant susceptibility against BC and CHDG, antibiotic resistance against 12 antibiotics and biofilm production were then assessed for both groups. After CHDG stress, 67 % and 83 % of the CHDG-stressed isolates doubled their MICs for BC and CHDG, respectively and 2 qac-negative isolates showed a four-fold increase of their MBCs for CHDG. After BC stress, MICs for BC and CHDG doubled in 58 % and 83 % of the BC-stressed isolates, respectively, while one qac-positive isolate increased four-fold the MIC for BC. Cross-resistance to antibiotics was assessed by disc diffusion method. Some qac-positive isolates varied their resistance profile, while a blaZ-positive isolate showed a resistant phenotype against ampicillin only after the exposure to the disinfectant. As for qac-positive isolates, one CHDG-stressed and 2 BC-stressed increased their resistance to kanamycin and cefoxitin, respectively. The Congo Red Agar test was carried out to assess the in vitro slime production: all isolates were negative after stress. In conclusion, sub-inhibitory exposure to disinfectants may affect disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility, the latter in particular for qac-positive isolates and those hosting unexpressed antibiotic resistance genes.     

The Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 Is involved in the biofilm formation and virulence of avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) is found in most pathogenic E. coli strains. Although many ETT2 gene clusters carry multiple genetic mutations or deletions, ETT2 is known to be involved in bacterial virulence. To date, no studies have been conducted on the role of ETT2 in the virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), which harbours ETT2. Thus, we deleted the ETT2 of APEC strain and evaluated the phenotypes and pathogenicities of the mutant. The results showed that deletion of ETT2 had no effect on APEC growth, but significantly promoted biofilm formation. In addition, as compared to the wild-type （WT） strain, the ETT2 deletion significantly promoted adherence to and invasion of DF-1 chicken fibroblasts and facilitated survival in the sera of specific-pathogen-free chickens. Analysis of the role of ETT2 in animal infection models demonstrated that the distribution of viable bacteria in the blood and organs of chicks infected with the ΔETT2 was significantly higher than those infected with WT. The results of RNA sequencing indicated that multiple genes involved in biofilm formation, lipopolysaccharide components, fimbrial genes and virulence effector proteins are regulated by ETT2. Collectively, these results implicated ETT2 is involved in the biofilm formation and pathogenicity of APEC.