The quantity of artificial substrates influences the nitrogen cycle in the biofloc culture system of Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the influence of different quantities of artificial substrate on water quality and the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an integrated biofilm-biofloc culture system. Thus, three treatments were performed: the control, the treatment without the addition of artificial substrate; T200, the treatment with a 200 % increase in the lateral area of the tanks using artificial substrates; and T400, the treatment with a 400 % increase in the lateral area of the tanks using artificial substrates. The study was conducted in nine 800 L tanks over 60 days. The animals were stocked at an initial density of 300 shrimp.m⁻² (equivalent to 500 shrimp m^-3), with an initial weight of 1.27 g (± 0.48). Ammonia concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments (p > 0.05). Increasing the amount of substrate from 200 % to 400 % did not cause significant differences in the nitrite concentrations between these treatments. However, in the control treatment, nitrite remained high (above 20 mg.L^-1) for a long period, negatively affecting shrimp performance. Nitrate was lower in T400, indicating a more dynamic process in the nitrogen cycle when the quantity of artificial substrate increased. Weekly growth rates, final weight, survival, and productivity were higher in the treatments integrating biofilm and biofloc substrates and did not show significant differences between T200 and T400. The results demonstrate the importance of artificial substrates in enhancing the water quality in biofloc culture systems over the long term, mostly in terms of maintaining nitrite concentrations below levels toxic to L. vannamei. The performance of the shrimp and the improved water quality at the end of the study reflected the advantages provided by incorporating artificial substrates in shrimp biofloc culture.     

金黄色葡萄球菌天然抗生物被膜物质研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是造成奶牛养殖业巨大经济损失的疾病,金黄色葡萄球菌是导致奶牛乳房炎感染的主要致病菌之一。以生物被膜的群落形式存在的金黄色葡萄球菌,更易逃避宿主免疫系统、降低药物敏感性,从而导致奶牛乳房炎反复发作,最终形成顽固性乳房炎。研究显示,天然抗生物被膜物质对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用明显,可作为新的抗菌药物应用于奶牛乳房炎的防治。对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜耐药机制和天然抗金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜物质的最新研究进展进行了概述,以期对防治金黄色葡萄球菌导致的奶牛乳房炎提供参考。     

不同培养条件下sigB对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的影响

本研究比较分析了不同温度(4 ℃、15 ℃、25 ℃和37 ℃)、pH(4、5、6和7)及NaCl浓度(0.5 %、2.5 %、4.5 %和6.5 %)对单增李斯特菌野生型菌株(WaX12)及sigB缺失突变型菌株(WaX12-△sigB)生物被膜形成能力的影响。结果表明,相比于WaX12菌株,WaX12-△sigB菌株生物被膜的形成量显著降低(P < 0.05)。变异系数分析显示,不同培养条件对WaX12菌株及WaX12-△sigB菌株生物被膜形成能力均有影响,其中温度的影响最大,NaCl浓度次之,pH最弱;且WaX12-△sigB菌株生物被膜形成能力更易受到培养条件的影响。其次,分别选取了WaX12菌株与WaX12-△sigB菌株生物被膜形成量差异最显著的培养条件(37 ℃、pH 6及2.5 % NaCl)进行后续分析。结果发现WaX12-△sigB菌株胞外多糖及胞外蛋白的相对含量均显著降低(P < 0.05),而其活菌数略有降低。本研究为深入探讨sigB参与单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的分子机制提供科学依据。     

Design and operations of the Kaldnes moving bed biofilm reactors

The moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was developed in Norway in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is covered by several patents and has been a huge success world-wide for treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. In addition, MBBRs have been successfully used for biological treatment of drinking water as well as for water treatment in fish farms. The MBBRs use plastic biofilm carriers of a unique design, to maximize the active biofilm surface area in the reactors. Reactors have insignificant headloss, no need for periodic backwashing and no susceptibility for clogging. This paper describes the fundamentals of the MBBR. It has a major emphasis on nitrification with the type of biofilm carrier used in fish farms, but briefly touches upon removal of organic matter and denitrification. Major factors influencing the nitrification rates in MBBRs are discussed in detail. Results from small-scale MBBR tests, as well as from commercially operated MBBRs at full scale fish farms are presented. The data are from both freshwater and marine applications.     

Pulse versus continuous peracetic acid applications: Effects on rainbow trout performance,biofilm formation and water quality

Peracetic acid (PAA) products are being introduced to aquaculture as sustainable disinfectants. Two strategies are used to apply PAA: high dose pulse applications, or low dose continuous application. In the present study, their impacts on fish health and water quality were investigated in triplicate flow-through tanks stocked with rainbow trout. The gentler and shorter water cortisol increase measured along twice-per-week pulse applications of 1 mg L⁻¹ PAA indicated a progressive adaptation of fish. In contrast, the continuous application of 0.2 mg L⁻¹ PAA caused no stress to fish. Meanwhile, no mortality and no impact on growth or innate cellular immunity were observed. The pulse applications restricted biofilm formation, and partially inhibited nitrification. Additionally, the highest oxygen concentration and stable pH were observed. In contrast, the continuous application promoted biofilm formation, and caused a pH increase and intermediate oxygen concentration. The contrast was probably due to different susceptibility of microbes to PAA-induced oxidative stress. To summarize, pulse PAA applications cause minor stress in fish, but have advantages over continuous application by ensuring better water quality.     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)循环水养殖塘挂膜式生物滤器内微生物的多样性

为了解凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中挂膜式生物滤器内不同位置间微生物群落结构多样性的差异,采集已运行46 d的挂膜式生物滤器内挂膜上部外侧和内侧、下部内侧和外侧及收集盘5个不同位置的微生物,采用分子生物学手段,通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序法对生物滤器内微生物进行多样性分析,并对不同位置间功能性微生物进行对比.结果显示,在门水平上,5个不同位置共鉴定出10个主要类群,其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)所占丰度比例较大,为主要优势类群,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)在挂膜内外两侧检出比例均较高(平均4.3％),收集盘内则较低(0.33％),存在显著性差异.共鉴定出41种优势属,其中地杆菌属(Pedobacter)为绝对优势种属,短小盒菌属(Parvularcula)为次优势属,二者丰度比例均在10％以上,硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)为第三优势属,挂膜不同位置丰度比例(平均4.31％)显著高于收集盘内比例(0.28％).挂膜上氨氧化细菌(AOB)平均丰度比例为1.70％,硝化细菌(NOB)平均比例为6.99％,是系统中主要去除氨氮和亚硝酸氮的微生物.生物滤器各部位微生物物种多样性丰富,微生态系统稳定,可有效维持循环水系统的水质.生物滤器硝化作用主要在上部进行,下部净化能力较弱,收集盘内基本没有硝化能力.生产中应合理配置挂膜数量,科学设计挂膜长度以提高生物滤器的净化效率.     

饲料中补充蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)生物膜对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、抗病力及其肠道微生物组成的影响

为了研究外源补充蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)生物膜对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、抗病力及对其肠道微生物组成的影响,以基础饲料为空白组,在基础饲料中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌游离态活菌作为游离态组(活菌含量为108 CFU/g);在基础饲料中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌生物膜作为生物膜组(活菌含量为108 CFU/g);每组8个平行.在养殖大棚暂养7d后,对凡纳滨对虾进行40 d的养殖实验.在第17天进行白斑综合征(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)攻毒实验;第22天进行副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)攻毒实验.期间在第1、5、10、15天采样,称重并测量体长计算生长速率.在第1、5、10、15、20、25天采样,并取其肠道内容物提取DNA,用16S rDNA序列V3+V4区高通量测序方法检测对虾肠道内微生物群落的结构及变化情况.结果显示,生物膜组和游离态组对虾体重、体长增长速率高于空白组,生物膜组与游离态组对虾体重、体长差异性不显著,生物膜组和游离态组对虾体重、体长与空白组相比差异性显著.实验中凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)等组成,其中,变形菌门平均占到总量的94.0％.变形菌门中主要以弧菌属(Vibrio)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)、Octadecabacter等为主,生物膜组、游离态组、空白对照组弧菌属平均含量分别为34.65％、39.27％、58.00％.在WSSV攻毒实验中,生物膜组、游离态组、空白对照组平均累积死亡率分别为80.0％、77.0％、92.0％,各组差异性不显著(p＞0.05).在副溶血弧菌攻毒实验中,生物膜组、游离态组、空白对照组平均累积死亡率分别为61.3％、75.0％、77.3％,生物膜组与游离态组和空白对照组相比差异性显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,饲料中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌生物膜和游离态蜡样芽孢杆菌投喂凡纳滨对虾后,可改变对虾肠道的微生物组成,提高凡纳滨对虾生长速度、增强抗病能力,而且添加蜡样芽孢杆菌生物膜效果最明显.     

超高压对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的影响

为探究超高压处理对单增李斯特菌被膜形成能力的影响。以2株4b血清型的单增李斯特菌(Wa X12、ATCC13932)为研究对象进行超高压处理(100~500 MPa,15 min,20℃),通过24孔板结晶紫染色方法对2株菌生物被膜形成能力进行检测,结合荧光显微镜和扫描电镜来观察生物被膜形成情况。Wa X12比ATCC13932形成被膜的能力强。100 MPa压力处理显著增强Wa X12的被膜形成能力(P0.05),200 MPa压力处理使ATCC13932被膜形成量显著增多(P0.05),而大于300 MPa的超高压处理使2株菌的被膜形成量均显著减少(P0.05)。荧光显微镜和扫描电镜观察结果与结晶紫染色结果相符,超高压处理对2株单增李斯特菌被膜形成能力均有影响。小于200 MPa压力处理后单增李斯特菌被膜形成能力增强,并在48 h后被膜形成量达到最大值。     

微槽透光板式光生物制氢反应器底物操作参数优化

从连续流产氢的目标出发,采用在高导光性载体表面刻制微槽的方法,构造了具有高比表面积的微槽透光板式光生物制氢反应器,完成了光合细菌的快速成膜并实现细胞固定化。用Box-Behnken的响应曲面分析方法,对影响微槽透光板式光生物制氢反应器连续流产氢性能的相关底物操作参数进行了3因素3水平的实验。结果表明,对反应器产氢速率的单因素影响显著顺序依次为水力停留时间、初始pH值和初始底物浓度。对反应器产氢速率具有显著交互作用的影响因素是初始底物浓度和初始pH值。当初始底物浓度、水力停留时间和初始pH值分别为54.3 mmol/L、21.5 h和7.1时,微槽透光板式光生物制氢反应器的产氢速率达到最大值2.242 mmol/(L·h)。     

鸡源大肠杆菌生物被膜的耐药性分析

为探讨鸡源大肠杆菌生物被膜的耐药机制,采用改进的平板培养法建立鸡大肠杆菌生物被膜体外模型,用液体二倍稀释法分别测定了鸡源大肠杆菌生物被膜菌、浮游菌和脱膜菌对克拉霉素、环丙沙星、磷霉素等13种抗菌药的敏感性,并检测了细菌生物被膜中超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生情况。结果表明:浮游菌和脱膜菌对同种药物的敏感性几乎相同,而生物被膜菌对同种药物的耐药性比后两者显著增强,并且2株不产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的浮游菌在形成生物被膜后产生了超广谱β-内酰胺酶。由此说明,生物被膜菌的耐药性主要是由于生物被膜这种特殊结构造成的,同时,由于生物被膜的存在,促使了超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生。生物被膜的形成和超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生是鸡大肠杆菌生物被膜耐药的两个主要原因。