中国水土保持公务管理信息系统设计

中国水土保持公务管理系统是中国水土保持管理信息系统先行开发的子系统 ,开发目的是为水土保持管理工作中目前亟待解决的公务管理现代化任务 ,提供在网络化、GIS应用迅速普及的背景下的支持。系统设计以“信息共享、办公自动化、灵活定制”三大目标为核心 ,采用先进的计算机网络技术、数据库技术和办公自动化技术 ,以期实现较好的网络应用功能 ,并具有良好的系统安全、稳定性与灵活性     

黄土高原沟壑区水土保持综合治理关键措施与组合研究

通过对黄土高原沟壑区 4条典型小流域的调查和治理模式的分析评价与系统研究 ,提出了适应于该地区的治理开发模式 ,初步确定了小流域不同单元水土保持综合治理的关键措施及其组合方案。     

低扬程水泵装置停泵过渡过程的近似计算

根据低扬程泵装置管路特性、水泵机组的动力学特性和停泵过渡过程中泵系统能量守恒原理以及泵相似理论，并结合现场实测停泵过渡过程曲线的特征点，提出了低扬程泵站停泵泵工况动态特性计算的数学模型。     

华西雨屏区人工竹林凋落物及表层土壤的水源涵养功能研究

以华西雨屏区退耕还林后形成的人工竹林(慈竹林、苦竹林、撑绿杂交竹林、苦竹 光皮桦混交林)为对象,对其凋落物及表层土壤的水源涵养功能进行了初步研究。结果表明:几种竹林凋落物蓄积量的大小顺序是:撑绿杂交竹林>混交林>苦竹林>慈竹林,且都大于光皮桦林。叶凋落物持水量的大小关系为:慈竹林>混交林>苦竹林>杂交竹林,光皮桦林的持水量介于慈竹林和混交林之间。几种叶凋落物持水量与浸泡时间的关系符合指数函数的模型、持水速率与浸泡时间的关系符合幂函数的模型。不同林地的表层土壤容重在1.27~1.34 g/cm3之间,总孔隙度48.08%~55.96%,不同林地表层土壤的水分物理性质差异不大。     

和田地区主要地表类型风蚀研究

为了解沙尘暴多发区和田地区主要地表类型的土壤风蚀量情况,利用集沙仪进行了中、小尺度条件下的沙尘暴实地测定,结果表明:在中尺度下,主要地表类型沙漠、过渡带和绿洲土壤输沙量、降尘量具有显著性差异,并与覆盖度存在明显的相关性。在小尺度下观测的结果表明,不同地表类型输沙量也存在显著差异,相同高度下平均覆盖度82%的农田输沙量不足沙漠输沙量的10%,沙漠观测点下风口输沙量比上风口增长2.39%,弃耕地下风口输沙量比上风口增长7.90%,而覆盖农田下风口输沙量比上风口减少2.24%,说明提高植被覆盖对减少当地土壤风蚀的重要性。     

罗玉沟流域水土保持植被工程效果评价

选取8个与植被工程效果紧密相关的评价指标,建立工程实施效果的评价指标体系,评价甘肃藉河流域罗玉沟世行二期项目实施情况。采用层次分析和综合指数相结合的方法,将罗玉沟流域水土保持植被工程实施效果综合指数等间距地划分为5个等级。结果表明：罗玉沟流域植被工程实施综合效果总体处于“良好”等级,但仍存在林分结构布局不合理、草地盖度偏小等问题,结合工程现状提出了今后的改进方向。     

基于新农村建设中水土保持问题的探讨——以贵州岩溶山区为例

贵州岩溶地区水土流失的因素别有人口压力过大,自然灾害严重,矿产资源的不合理开采,森林覆盖率低,当地干部群众认识不足,文章从岩溶山区水土保持生态环境特征进行分析,指出水土流失是制约全面推进建设社会主义新农村建设的主要问题之一.     

Human Impacts on Forest Biodiversity in Protected Walnut-Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan

We used a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics, supported by empirical field data and socioeconomic data, to examine the impacts of human disturbances on a protected forest landscape in Kyrgyzstan. Local use of 27 fruit and nut species was recorded and modeled. Results indicated that in the presence of fuelwood cutting with or without grazing, species of high socioeconomic importance such as Juglans regia, Malus spp., and Armeniaca vulgaris were largely eliminated from the landscape after 50–150 yr. In the absence of disturbance or in the presence of grazing only, decline of these species occurred at a much lower rate, owing to competitive interactions between tree species. This suggests that the current intensity of fuelwood harvesting is not sustainable. Conversely, current grazing intensities were found to have relatively little impact on forest structure and composition, and could potentially play a positive role in supporting regeneration of tree species. These results indicate that both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity can arise from human populations living within a protected area. Potentially, these could be reconciled through the development of participatory approaches to conservation management within this reserve, to ensure the maintenance of its high conservation value while meeting human needs.     

Dynamic Change of Genetic Diversity in Conserved Populations with Different Initial Genetic Architectures

Maintenance and management of genetic diversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) is very important for biological, socioeconomical and cultural significance. The core concern of conservation for farm AnGR is the retention of genetic diversity of conserved populations in a long-term perspective. However, numerous factors may affect evolution of genetic diversity of a conserved population. Among those factors, the genetic architecture of conserved populations is little considered in current conservation strategies. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of genetic diversity of conserved populations with two scenarios on initial genetic architectures by computer simulation in which thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci were chosen to represent genetic architecture of the populations with observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), observed and mean effective number of alleles (Ao and Ae), number of polymorphic loci (NP) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PP), number of rare alleles (RA) and number of non-rich polymorphic loci (NRP) as the estimates of genetic diversity. The two scenarios on genetic architecture were taken into account, namely, one conserved population with same allele frequency (AS) and another one with actual allele frequency (AA). The results showed that the magnitude of loss of genetic diversity is associated with genetic architecture of initial conserved population, the amplitude of genetic diversity decline in the context AS was more narrow extent than those in context AA, the ranges of decline of Ho and Ao were about 4 and 2 times in AA compared with that in AS, respectively, the occurrence of first monomorphic locus and the time of change of measure NP in scenario AA is 20 generations and 23 generations earlier than that in scenario AS, respectively. Additionally, we found that NRP, a novel measure proposed by our research group, was a proper estimate for monitoring the evolution of genetic diversity in a closed conserved population. Our study suggested that current managements of conserved populations should emphasize on initial genetic architecture in order to make an effective and feasible conservation scheme.     

Generations in captivity increases behavioral variance: considerations for captive breeding and reintroduction programs

Long-term maintenance of captive populations followed by release of captive animals into the wild is one of many approaches to endangered species conservation. To assess captivity's effects on behavior, a simulated predator was presented and response behaviors measured in oldfield mice, Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus. The animals tested were from four populations collected from Ocala National Forest, Florida, and held in captivity for varying numbers of generations: 35, 14, 2, and 0 (wild caught). Results show (1) that the more generations a population has been in captivity, the less likely an individual is to take cover after seeing a predator and (2) variance in predator-response behaviors increases with generations in captivity. These results point to two ways in which captivity can compromise animal behavior and, in turn, the success of reintroduction programs. First, because individuals from populations that have been in captivity for multiple generations seek refuge less often than their wild counterparts, they might experience increased mortality in the wild due to predation. Second, increased behavioral variance could translate into decreased survivorship upon reintroduction. Therefore, more individuals will need to be released to reach the targeted wild population size.